40. NADH is produced during
(A) Glycolysis
(B) the oxidation of pyruvate
(C) the Krebs cycle
(D) all of the above
(E) none of the above

41. Which of the following is an epimeric pair? (A) Glucose and fructose (B) Glucose and galactose (C) Galactose and mannose (D) Lactose and maltose (E) none of the above

42. Which of the following enzyme is NOT involved to metabolize fructose? (A) triose kinase (B) triose phosphate isomerase (C) hexokinase (D) fructokinase (E) none of the above

43. In prokaryotes, the Shine-Dalgarno sequence is required in which process: (A) transcription initiation. (B) transcription termination. (C) translation initiation. (D) translation elongation. (E) DNA replication.

44. In eukaryotic cells, amino-terminal signal sequences are important for targeting proteins to where: (A) nucleus. (B) proteasome. (C) cytosol. (D) cytoskeleton. (E) endomembrane system.

45. Tetracycline is an antibiotic that inhibits: (A) lipid synthesis. (B) ATP generation. (C) DNA repair. (D) protein translation. (E) DNA replication.

46. Codons can be recognized by anticodons of which molecule: (A) ribosomal RNA. (B) transfer RNA. (C) micro RNA. (D) amino acids. (E) initiation factors.

47. The force that drives an ion through a membrane channel depends upon: (A) the charge on the membrane. (B) the difference in electrical potential across the membrane. (C) the size of the channel. (D) the size of the ion. (E) the size of the membrane.

48. Most transduction systems for hormones and sensory stimuli that involve trimeric G proteins have in common all of the following except: (A) cyclic nucleotides. (B) nuclear receptors. (C) receptors that interact with a G protein. (D) receptors with multiple transmembrane segments. (E) self-inactivation.

49. Which one of the following statements about membranes is true? (A) Most plasma membranes contain more than 70% proteins. (B) Sterol lipids are common in bacterial plasma membranes. (C) Sterol lipids are common in human cell plasma membranes. (D) Sterol lipids are common in plant cell plasma membranes. (E) The plasma membranes of all cell types within a particular organism have basically the same lipid and protein composition.

50. One distinction between peptide and steroid hormones is that peptide hormones: (A) act through nonspecific receptors, whereas steroid hormones act through specific receptors. (B) are generally water-insoluble, whereas steroid hormones are water-soluble. (C) are more stable than steroid hormones. (D) bind to cell surface receptors, whereas steroid hormones bind to nuclear receptors. (E) bind to their receptors with high affinity, whereas steroid hormones bind with low affinity.

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