45. Which of the following does NOT cross a cellular membrane without transporters or channels?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D) All of the above

46. Which of the following is a second messenger molecule that can activate protein kinase A (PKA) in eukaryotes? (A) Cyclic AMP (B) Cyclic GMP (C) Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) (D) Diacylglycerol (DAG)

47. Which of the following metabolisms can NOT be regulated by protein kinase A (PKA)? (A) Enhance lipolysis in adipocyte (B) Enhance glycogenesis in skeletal muscle (C) Enhance glycogenolysis in liver (D) Enhance gluconeogenesis in liver

48. Which ions are required for the glucose symporter transporter in the intestinal epithelium? (A) (B) (C) (D)

49. How many fatty acid molecules do a phosphatidylcholine (PC) of plasma membrane have? (A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) None of above

50. Which of the following molecule does NOT affect membrane fluidity? (A) Sphingomyelin (B) Triglyceride (C) Cholesterol (D) Glycosphingolipids

51. Which description for receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) is NOT correct? (A) RTKs is a family of plasma membrane receptors with protein kinase activity. (B) RTKs transduce extracellular signals through a mechanism similar to G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). (C) RTKs have a ligand-binding domain on the extracellular face of the plasma membrane. (D) RTKs have an enzyme active site on the cytoplasmic face.

52. Which description for G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is NOT correct? (A) G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have seven transmembrane beta-sheets domains. (B) GPCRs act through heterotrimeric G proteins. (C) GPCRs are found only in eukaryotes, including yeast, choanoflagellates, and animals. (D) GPCRs are involved in many diseases.

53. Which receptor of signal-transduction pathways is involved in glucose uptake regulation? (A) Sialic acid receptor (B) Insulin receptor (C) β-Adrenergic receptor (D) EGF receptor

54. Which of the following is NOT pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) product in oxidative nonreversible phase? (A) Ribose-5-phosphate (B) NADH (C) NADPH (D) CO2

55. Which one of the following molecules is NOT the second messenger in the phosphoinositol signaling pathway? (A) Calcium ions (B) Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) (C) Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) (D) Diacylglycerol (DAG)

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