46. The mammalian trachea and esophagus both open into the

(A) stomach.

(B) pharynx.

(C) epiglottis.

(D) rectum.

(E) large intestine.

47. Individuals whose diet consists primarily of corn would likely become (A) malnourished. (B) overnourished. (C) undernourished. (D) anorexic. (E) obese.

48. If you were to jog a mile a few hours after lunch, which stored fuel would you probably tap? (A) muscle proteins (B) fats stored in adipose tissue (C) muscle and liver glycogen (D) blood proteins (E) fat stored in the liver

49. Blood returning to the mammalian heart in a pulmonary vein will drain first into the (A) right ventricle. (B) vena cava. (C) left atrium. (D) right atrium. (E) left ventricle.

50. In negative-pressure breathing, inhalation results from (A) using muscles of the lungs to expand the alveoli. (B) relaxing the muscles of the rib cage. (C) contracting the diaphragm. (D) contracting the abdominal muscles. (E) forcing air from the throat down into the lungs.

51. Which of the following reactions prevails in red blood cells traveling through pulmonary capillaries? (Hb = hemoglobin)(A) CO2 + H2O → H2CO3(B) Hb(O2)4→ Hb + 4O2(C) Hb + 4 CO2 → Hb(CO2)4(D) H2CO3→H1 + HCO3-(E) Hb + 4 O2→ Hb(O2)4

52. Which of the following molecules is incorrectly paired with a source? (A) interferons_virus-infected cells (B) interleukin-1-macrophages (C) perforins cytotoxic T cells (D) lysozyme tears (E) immunoglobulins-helper T cells

53. Which of the following is a characteristic of the early stages of local inflammation? (A) precapillary arteriole constriction (B) attack by cytotoxic T cells (C) fever (D) antibody-complement - mediated lysis of microbes (E) release of histamine

54. An epitope associates with which part of an antibody? (A) the antibody tail (B) the antibody-binding site (C) the variable regions of a heavy chain and light chain combined (D) the light-chain constant regions only (E) the heavy-chain constant regions only

55. Which of the following is not true about helper T cells? (A) They function in both cell-mediated and humoral immune responses. (B) They recognize polysaccharide fragments presented by class II MHC molecules. (C) They bear surface CD4 molecules. (D) When activated, they secrete IL-2 and other cytokines.

56. The majority of water and salt filtered into Bownan's capsule is reabsorbed by (A)diffusion from the descending linnb of the loop of I lenle into the hyperosmotic interstitial fluid of the medulla. (B) active transport across the transport epithelium of the thick upper segment of the ascending linb of the loop of Henle. (C)selective secretion and diffusion across the distal tubule. (D) diffusion from the collecting duct into the increasing osmolic gradient of the renal medulla. (E) the transport epithelia of the proximal tububule.

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