6. Among vertebrates, single circulation is found in_________.

(A) Actinopterygii

(B) Amphibia

(C) Aves

(D) Mammalia

(E) Reptilia

7. In animals, a chemical used to communicate with conspecific individuals is called _________.(A) autocrine(B) a ligand(C) a hormone(D) a neurotransmitter(E) a pheromone

8._________is found in Metazoa only and not in other eukaryotes.(A) Alternation of generations(B) Collagen fiber(C) Dikaryon(D) Heterotrophy(E) Multicellularity

9._________is NOT a feature of adaptive immunity.(A) Antibody(B) Clonal selection(C) Humoral immune response(D) Natural killer cell(E) Major histocompatibility complex molecule

10. During vertebrate embryonic development, the retina is derived from _________.(A) forebrain(B) midbrain(C) hindbrain(D) lens placode(E) prechordal mesoderm

11. Which of the following statements about the antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is true?(A) It is a peptide hormone released from the adrenal gland.(B) In the absence of ADH, the ability to reabsorb water in the proximal tubule would be lost.(C) It promotes the excretion of hyperosmotic urine (compared to plasma).(D) Decreased plasma osmolarity stimulates ADH secretion.(E) Blood pressure would increase significantly if a person lost the ability to synthesize ADH.

12. Chronically high levels of glucocorticoids can result in obesity, muscle weakness, and depression, a combination of symptoms called Cushing's syndrome. To determine which gland has abnormal activity in a particular patient, doctors use the drug dexamethasone, a synthetic glucocorticoid that blocks ACTH release. Based on the graph, identify which gland is affected in patient X, whose ACTH level in blood is effectively lowered by dexamethasone.(A) Adrenal medulla(B) Adrenal cortex(C) Anterior pituitary(D) Posterior pituitary(E) Thyroid gland

13. In 1935, Konrad Lorenz observed that ducklings learn to follow real or foster parents at a critical stage soon after hatching. The process, called _________, involves visual and auditory stimuli from the parent object； these elicit a response in the young that affects their subsequent adult behavior. (A) classical conditioning (B) imprinting (C) innate behavior (D) social learning (E) spatial learning

14. Allopatric populations of Geospiza fuliginosa and G. fortis (Darwin's finches) on different islands have similar beak morphologies. However, when the two species are sympatric on the same island, G. fuliginosa has a shallower, smaller beak, and G. fortis has a deeper, larger beak. These changes in beak morphology allow sympatric populations of Darwin's finches avoiding competition for food. This is an example of _________. (A) adaptive radiation (B) Batesian mimicry (C) character displacement (D) Müllerian mimicry (E) reinforcement

15. Significant sexual dimorphism is often found among bird species. Among the European flycatchers of the genus Ficedula, females select their mates based on the appearance of the conspecific male. Males look similar in allopatric populations of Ficedula hypoleuca and F. albicollis (European flycatcher). However, in the sympatric populations, males of the two species look very different. In experiments, females do not select males of other species when selecting between males from sympatric populations. However, they frequently make mistakes when selecting males from allopatric populations. This is an example of_________. (A) adaptive radiation (B) Batesian mimicry (C) character displacement (D) Müllerian mimicry (E) reinforcement

16. Some heterokonts (stramenophiles) are photosynthetic and gained their chloroplasts by:(A) primary endosymbiosis with a photosynthetic cyanobacterium.(B) primary endosymbiosis with a photosynthetic glaucophyte chloroplast.(C) secondary endosymbiosis with a green alga.(D) secondary endosymbiosis with a red alga.(E) secondary endosymbiosis with a dinoflagellate.

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