6. To observe the three-dimensional structure of a cell the best type of microscopy would be
(A) standard light microscopy.
(B) fluorescence microscopy.
(C) scanning electron microscopy.
(D) differential-interference light microscopy.
(E) transmission electron microscopy.

7. The general structural and functional differences between a nerve and smooth muscle cell within an individual are a result of (A) the genome (DNA in a cell) being different between muscle and nerve cells. (B) the proteome (proteins in a cell) that differ between muscle and nerve cells. (C) the relative amounts of certain proteins between muscle and nerve cells. (D) the genome and the relative amounts of certain proteins that differ between muscle and nerve cells. (E) the proteome and the relative amounts of certain proteins that differ between muscle and nerve cells

8. A fabric company wants to create a new material based on cell research for the army that is able to bear high levels of tension efficiently. What cellular structure should be the target? (A) Microtubules (B) Microfilaments (C) Centrioles (D) Intermediate filaments (E) Pili

9. An animal cell is permeable to water and urea but not to sucrose. The inside of the cell contains 0.5 M sucrose and 0.3 M urea and the outside 0.5 M sucrose and 0.6 M urea. The volume of the cell will (A) increase. (B) decrease. (C) be no change.

10. The route that most accurately describes secretory protein movement through the endomembrane system would be (A) Golgi apparatus→smooth endoplasmic reticulum →lysosome→vesicles→plasma membrane. (B) plasmid→plasma membrane→nuclear envelope→smooth endoplasmic reticulum→vesicles. (C) nuclear envelope→vesicles→Golgi apparatus→rough endoplasmic reticulum→plasma membrane. (D) lysosomes→rough endoplasmic reticulum→smooth endoplasmic reticulum→vesicles →plasma membrane. (E) rough endoplasmic reticulum→vesicles→Golgi apparatus→vesicles→plasma membrane.

11. Lysosomes digest unneeded intracellular debris through the process of_____________. (A) endocytosis (B) phagocytosis (C) autophagy (D) pinocytosis (E) exocytosis

12. What would be an expected feature of a plasma membrane that had no integral membrane proteins? The membrane would_____________. (A) be unable to transport sodium ions (B) collapse (C) have no fluidity (D) have no cholesterol (E) not associate with peripheral membrane proteins

13. Which of the following statements concerning carbohydrates associated with the plasma membrane is correct? (A) Membrane carbohydrates function primarily in cell-cell recognition. (B) Carbohydrates on the plasma membrane are typically short chains of between two and five monosaccharides. (C) Carbohydrates are only found associated with the membranes of prokaryotic cells. (D) Carbohydrates associated with the plasma membrane are located on both surfaces of the membrane.

14. Although each of the following has a better chance of influencing gene frequencies in small populations than in large populations, which one most consistently requires a small population as a precondition for its occurrence? (A) Mutation (B) Nonrandom mating (C) Genetic drift (D) Natural selection (E) Gene flow

15. Estrogen is a steroid hormone. What can be concluded about estrogen receptors? (A) The receptors would be coupled to a G-protein. (B) The receptors would be linked to enzymes that triggered a kinase cascade. (C) The receptors would be found inside the cell. (D) The receptors would be on the plasma membrane. (E) The receptors would also be lipid soluble and able to cross membranes.

16. Which of the following statements about cellular respiration is correct? (A) If oxygen is present, pyruvate will be converted to acetyl CoA in the mitochondrial matrix. (B) Substrate phosphorylation occurs when protons pass through ATP synthase and combine with oxygen to make water. (C) An H⁺ electrochemical gradient is formed so that the H⁺ concentration is lower in the intermembrane space than inside the matrix. (D) Oxygen is an excellent final electron acceptor because of its low electronegativity. (E) In prokaryotic cells, the electron transport system occurs in the mitochondria.

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