6. Which of the following intermediates can not serve as the material for the synthesis of glucose via gluconeogenesis?
(A) acetyl-CoA
(B) Glycerol
(C) Oxaloacetate
(D) Glycerol

7. Which of the following is unique to eukaryotic DNA replication? (A) Bidirectional replication forks (B) Requirement of primers (C) Use of ligase to join Okazaki fragments (D) Multiple origins of replication per chromosome

8. Which of the following is able to release an ammonium ion? (A) Conversion of hydroxymethylbilane to uroporphyrinogen III by uroporphyrinogen III synthase (B) Conversion of serine to glycine by serine hydroxymethyltransferase (C) Conversion of glutamate to glutamine by glutamine synthetase (D) Conversion of cystathionine to cysteine and α-ketobutyrate by cystathionine γ-lyase

9. A researcher finds that an enzyme follows the induced fit model rather than the lock and key model. Which experimental observation best supports this conclusion? (A) The enzyme binds multiple substrates with similar affinities (B) Substrate binding causes a detectable conformational shift in enzyme structure (C) The enzyme exhibits a very low turnover number (D) The enzyme undergoes irreversible inactivation after substrate binding

10. A loss‑of‑function mutation in the lacZ gene would most directly cause: (A) Inability to convert lactose into glucose and galactose (B) Inability to transport lactose into the cell (C) Failure of the repressor to bind lactose (D) Reduced binding of CAP to DNA

11. Which step of β‑oxidation directly generates FADH₂? (A) Thiolysis by β‑ketothiolase (B) Hydration by enoyl‑CoA hydratase (C) Oxidation by acyl‑CoA dehydrogenase (D) Oxidation by β‑hydroxyacyl‑CoA dehydrogenase

12. Which of the following statements correctly distinguishes the mode of gene silencing by microRNA versus RNAi? (A) microRNA almost always leads to slicing of mRNA, whereas RNAi does not (B) RNAi is typically associated with perfect complementarity, whereas microRNA often represses translation through imperfect pairing (C) RNAi uses Dicer but microRNA does not (D) RNAi functions only in the nucleus

13. The ABC excinuclease plays a crucial role in: (A) Base-excision repair (B) Mismatch repair (C) Nucleotide-excision repair (D) SOS repair

14. What is the kinetic characteristic of allosteric enzymes in their high-activity state? (A) High Vmax and low Km (B) Low Vmax and high Km (C) High Vmax and high Km (D) Low Vmax and low Km

15. Which component identifies the Shine–Dalgarno sequence during translation initiation? (A) eIF-4E (B) 16S rRNA (C) fMet-tRNAfMet (D) EF-Ts

16. During translation elongation, which molecule acts as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor? (A) EF-Ts (B) EF-Tu (C) EF-G (D) Initiation factor IF-2

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