8. One type of virus that infects bacteria is called
(A) a phage.
(B) a bacteria killer.
(C) a lysozyme.
(D) a macrophage.
(E) an antibody.

9. Which of the following translational factors directly recognize a codon on mRNA? (A) An initiation factor (B) An elongation factor (C) A release factor (D) A recycling factor (E) None of the above

10. A tumor-suppressor gene usually function in (A) induction of cell division. (B) induction of cell differentiation. (C) repression of gene expression. (D) activation of protein synthesis (E) repair of DNA damage.

11. Which of the following statements regarding viruses is NOT true? (A) Some prophage genes can cause the transformation of a nonpathogenic bacterium into a form that causes human disease. (B) An environmental signal may trigger a switch from the lysogenic to the lytic cycle. (C) The lysogenic cycle always occurs inside of host cells. (D) The lysogenic cycle typically results in the rapid lysis of all infected cells. (E) None of the above.

12. Which of the following statements regarding RNA is NOT correct? (A) RNA uses the sugar deoxyribose. (B) RNA uses the nitrogenous base uracil. (C) One RNA molecule can include four different nucleotides in its structure. (D) RNA molecules have a sugar-phosphate backbone. (E) RNA can serve as the genome of a virus.

13. Multiple origins of replication on the DNA molecules of eukaryotic cells serve to (A) remove errors in DNA replication. (B) create multiple copies of the DNA molecule at the same time. (C) shorten the time necessary for DNA replication. (D) assure the correct orientation of the two strands in the newly growing double helix. (E) assure that the DNA can be replicated.

14. Which of the following is a tRNA-binding site on the ribosome? (A) M-site. (B) N-site. (C) O-site. (D) P-site. (E) Q-site.

15. Consider the following sentence: "The dog did not eat." Which of the following variations of this sentence is most like a reading frame mutation? (A) The did dog not eat. (B) The dod idn ote at. (C) The did not eat. (D) The dog did dog did not eat. (E) Dog did not eat the.

16. Conjugation, transformation, and transduction are all ways that bacteria (A) reduce their DNA content. (B) increase the amount of RNA in the cytoplasm. (C) infect the host cells. (D) alter their oxygen requirements. (E) increase their genetic diversity.

17. Which of the following statements regarding the information flow in the central dogma is NOT correct? (A) In general, the flow is from DNA to RNA to protein. (B) In general, if we know the DNA sequence, we can deduce the RNA sequence. (C) In general, if we know the RNA sequence, we can deduce the DNA sequence. (D) In general, if we know the protein sequence, we can deduce the RNA sequence. (E) In general, if we know the RNA sequence, we can deduce the protein sequence.

18. In a prokaryote, a group of genes with related functions, along with their associated control sequences, defines (A) an allele. (B) an operator. (C) a locus. (D) a transposon. (E) an operon.

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