8. Where does photosynthesis take place in cyanobacteria?
(A) plasma membrane
(B) Golgi apparatus
(C)cytosol
(D) chloroplast

9. Many signal transduction pathways utilize second messengers to _____. (A) transport a signal through the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane (B) relay a signal from the outside of the cell to the inside (C)decrease the message once the signaling molecules have left the receptor (D) relay the message from the inner surface of the plasma membrane throughout the cytoplasm

10. Contact inhibition is an important mechanism for maintaining cell growth in developed organs and tissues. As long as the cells maintain contact with each other, they remain in _____ and are prevented from dividing. (A) prophase (B) G1 (C)G2 (D) G0

11. How do cells distinguish between estrogen and testosterone? (A) Only male cells respond to testosterone and female cells respond to estrogen. (B) Estrogen is hydrophilic and binds to surface receptors, while testosterone is hydrophobic and binds to internal receptors. (C)Estrogen and testosterone have the same basic structures, but different side chains that are easily distinguished by their individual receptors. (D) Estrogen and testosterone have similar functional groups but different basic structures that are easily distinguished by their individual receptors.

12. Your father is heterozygous for a recessive disorder. You know your mother has two "good" alleles. What is the probability that you will have the disorder? (A) 0% (B) 25% (C)50% (D) 75%

13. Suppose a DNA replication error is not corrected. After two cell divisions, how many of the four daughter cells contain this mutation (assuming that the mistake was never corrected)? (A) one (B) two (C)three (D) four

14. Which event occurs after the first heart sound and before the second heart sound? (A) ventricular relaxation (B) P wave of the ECG (C)AV valves open (D) aortic systolic pressure E) blood volume in ventricle increases

15. Which of the following is closest to the center of a woody stem? (A) vascular cambium (B) primary phloem (C)secondary pholem (D) primary xylem E) secondary xylem

16. Which sequence of structures through which water passes into a root is correct? (A) guard cell, endodermis, cortex, xylem (B) root hair, cortex, xylem, endodermis (C)epidermis, cortex, endodermis, xylem (D) root hair, xylem, endodermis, phloem

17. The relationship between a plant and mycorrhizal fungi is best described as: (A) parasitic (B) competitive (C)mutualistic (D) commensal

18. Consider a stable frog population living at carrying capacity in a pond. If an average female produces 5,000 eggs during her lifetime and an average of 250 tadpoles hatch from these eggs, how many of these tadpoles will, on average, survive to reproduce? (A) 0 (B) 2 (C)10 to 20 (D) More than 100

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