(二)某水準路線長度為 4 公里，每公里觀測之標準差（中誤差）為 ±5 mm。 試估計該整條水準路線總高程閉合差的標準差多少公尺？（10 分）

二、(一)試說明經緯儀（或全測站儀）的四軸，以及彼此需要滿足的關係為何？ （15 分）

(二)試說明經緯儀（或全測站儀）觀測水平角時，採用「正倒鏡觀測取平均值」可以消除那些儀器軸的誤差？有那些誤差是無法透過此方法消除的？（10 分）

三、(一) GNSS（全球導航衛星系統）測量有那些優點？又有那些限制？至少各列三項。（15 分）

(二)在 GNSS（全球導航衛星系統）測量中，何謂多路徑效應（Multipath Effect）？ 在實務觀測上應如何避免或減少多路徑效應？（10 分）

四、(一)一個五邊形閉合導線 A−B−C−D−E−A，觀測得到的內角和為 539°58′30"。 試問該導線的角度閉合差是多少秒？若依據常規平差分配，每個內角應修正多少秒？（15 分）

(二)在測量平差或誤差傳播中，定權（Weighting）的統計學意義為何？觀 測值的權（Weight）通常與其標準差（Standard Deviation）有何數學關係？（10 分）

一、英譯中：請將下列英文譯成正確、流暢且符合中文表達習慣的中文。 （20 分） Global supply chains are increasingly interconnected and dependent on digital technologies, allowing goods and trade-related information to move quickly across borders. However, this complexity also creates new vulnerabilities. Cyberattacks, infrastructure failures, climate events, and geopolitical tensions can disrupt firms, industries, and the delivery of critical goods. Because supply chains operate as complex networks, risks are often concentrated in key suppliers, transport routes, and major chokepoints, allowing disruption in one area to spread quickly across the system. Effective risk management therefore requires cooperation among businesses, governments, customs authorities, and other stakeholders. Future risks are also becoming harder to identify because they increasingly arise in less visible stages such as raw materials, processing, and transport infrastructure. Limited visibility across supplier networks can make these risks difficult to manage. Building resilience requires continuous monitoring, greater supply-chain transparency, stronger recovery capacity, and flexible responses to changing economic, technological, environmental, and geopolitical conditions.

二、英文作文：請根據下面的說明，寫一篇約 200 字的英文作文。 （20 分）In 2026, the Office of the United States Trade Representative (USTR) investigated whether Taiwan had taken enough action to stop goods made with forced labor from entering its market. USTR found that Taiwan did not yet have a law clearly banning such imports and concluded that this failure was unreasonable and had a negative effect on U.S. trade. Taiwan had begun taking steps to meet its commitments under the U.S.–Taiwan Agreement on Reciprocal Trade (ART), but the case raised questions about whether Taiwan’s current laws and policies were sufficient. Do you agree with the U.S. view that Taiwan has not done enough to prevent the import of goods made with forced labor? Write a short essay of no more than 200 words to explain your position with reference to Taiwan’s current laws and its commitments under the U.S.–Taiwan ART.

 (一)有效粒徑（Effective Size, D10）

(二)靈敏性土壤（Sensitive Soil）

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