七、石英、瑪腦、玉髓、蛋白石(Opal)、石英等均為自然界存在的氧化矽礦物,請簡單敘述其差異。(各2分)

八、在成熟岛弧地的火成岩依化學性質可分成三大類,请寫出這三類岩系名稱、主要成分及其在岛弧與大陸邊緣分佈特性。(10分)

九、請說明白雲岩形成的可能方式與分佈特性並比較白雲岩與方解石在成份、密度、體之差異。(10分)

十、請簡要說明下列沉積岩之原生沉積構造 (一)層理(Bedding)與葉理(Lamination)(2分) (二)交錯層(Crossbedding)(2分) (三)波痕(Ripplemarks)(2分) (四)分級層(Gradedbedding)(2分) (五)底痕(Solemarks)(2分)

Place the following events in the correct order when a body responds to an infection. (A) Effector cells aind antibodies are carried by efferent lymph and blood to the infected tissues.(B) Antigen-presenting cells process pathogens and migrate to the secondary lymphoid organs to activate lymphocytes.(C) Neutrophils are recruited to the site of infection to phagocytose and kill pathogens.(D) Phagocytes are activated by effector lymphocytes to digest and eliminate pathogens.(E) The skin and the mucosal epithelia form a physical barrier to prevent pathogens from entering the body. (F)Phagocytes that reside in the tissues, such as macrophages, phagocytose path(G) Phagocytes release cytokines and chemokines and induce inflammation.(H) Lymphocytes proliferate and differentiate into effector cells.(I) Effector cells develop into memory cells to provide long-lasting immunity to pathog (J) Antimicrobial peptides and complements are activated to kill pathogens.

四、填充題Fill-in-the-Blanks:每題1分,共2分1.______ is the receptor for SARS-CoV2.

2. ______are microorganisms that normally live harmlessly in symbiosis with their host.

1. Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) and Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells are two hroughs in cancer immunotherapy. Based on the signal transduction in T cells explain the principles of how ICB and CAR-T work (5 分). Second, compare and contrast these methods regarding the requiements for successful induction of antitumor immuni

2. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are the first line of the defense system in innate immune . Please describe two PRRs and the pathogen-associated molecular patterns(P recognize in pathogens and their brief signaling pathways (5 分). After the ligation of PRRs with their PAMPs, the signaling events usually lead to the production of cytokines in innate cells. escribe the functions of two cytokines produced following PRR signal

3. BCR and ICR are B-cell and T-cell antigen receptors, respectively. Please compare and contrast the similarity and differences between these two receptors. (5分)

4.Describe how a naive T cell is activated and what is meant by co-stimulation in Tc (3分)

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