三、請說明捷運鐵路軌道號誌系統中的軌道電路功能為何。至少列出二項。(25分)

(1)扳轉指令下達

(2)轉轍器處於未定位狀態

二、簡答題   1. Explain the process of naive T cell activation. What is the significance of co-stimulation in this process?

2. CD4+ T cells differentiate into various effector subsets with specialized functions. Describe the main types of CD4+ effector T cells and their roles in the immune response?

3. CAR T cell therapy is a revolutionary approach to cancer treatment. Explain how this immunotherapy works, including the modification of T cells and their mechanism of action against tumor cells.

4. The T cell receptor (TCR) complex is crucial for antigen recognition. Describe the key components of this complex and their respective functions.

5. What is immunological tolerance?

6. The smallpox virus circulated and plagued the human population for many centuries until 1979, thanks to the advent of effective vaccines developed by Dr. Edward Jenner using the skin material of a milkmaid infected by the cowpox virus. Please describe the principle of vaccination against viral infection. Please describe the potential mechanisms of how the cowpox virus vaccine protects humans from smallpox virus infection. (4 points) If you were to develop a new version of the smallpox virus vaccine using current technology, which approach would you take and why?

7. Both innate and adaptive immunity are critical for combating the infections of pathogens. Please compare and contrast innate and adaptive immunity concerning specificity, diversity and components.Dr. Lee recently identified a new type of immune cells. Please help him design two experiments to determine if this cell either belongs to the innate or adaptive immune system.

二、翻譯題 Panic disorder, a complex anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent panic attacks, represents a poorly understood psychiatric condition which is associated with significant morbidity and an increased risk of suicide attempts and completed suicide. Recently however, neuroimaging and panic provocation challenge studies have provided insights into the pathoetiology of panic phenomena and have begun to elucidate potential neural mechanisms that may underlie panic attacks.

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