2. (10%) Find the dimension of the space spanned by the three given vectors: $x^2, x^2 - x - 1$, and x + 1.

3. (10%) Let D be the differentiation operator on P3 (the set of all polynomials of degree less than 3). If the matrix B represents D with respect to $[1, x, x^2]$, and the matrix C represents D with respect to $[1, 2x, 4x^2 - 2]$. Verify that B is similar to C.

4. (10%) Find the local maxima of the function: $f(x, y) = \left(\frac{1}{3}x^3 + xy^2 - 4xy + 1\right)$

5. (10%) Compute the Gram-Schmidt QR factorization of the matrix: $$\mathbf{E} = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & -1 & 4 \\ 1 & 4 & -2 \\ 1 & 4 & 2 \\ 1 & -1 & 0 \end{bmatrix}$$

6. (10%) A derangement is a permutation of objects that leaves no object in the original position. For example, the permutation 21453 is a derangement of 12345 because no digit is left in its original position. List all derangements of 1234.

7. (20%) Consider an RSA system with public key (n, e) = (667, 137). First, find prime numbers p and q such that n = pq. Second, find the value of d in the private key (n, d). Third, answer the question "Is it possible to find more than one values of d in the range 0 < d < (p - 1)(q - 1) that works in decryption?" If your answer is YES, find all possible values of d; if your answer is NO, please give a brief proof.

8. (20%) Consider all possible binary relations on a set A with 4 elements. Answer the following 5 questions. Q1: How many binary relations are there? Q2: How many binary relations are reflexive? Q3: How many binary relations are symmetric? Q4: How many binary relations are anti-symmetric? Q5: How many binary relations are reflexive and symmetric and anti-symmetric simultaneously?

一、(10%) Let \( X_1 \), \( X_2 \), and \( X_3 \) be independent and have uniform distribution U(0, 1). The joint p.d.f. is \( f(x_1, x_2, x_3) = 1 \), where \( 0 \le x_1, x_2, x_3 \le 1 \). What is the probability \( P(X_1 + X_2 + X_3 \le 1) \)? (Please show the details)

二、(10%) There are two random variables \( X \) and \( Y \). Given \( Y \), \( X \) follows the conditional distribution \( f(x|y) = e^{-y}y^x/x! \), where \( x = 0, 1, 2, ... \). Moreover, \( Y \) follows the distribution \( f(y) = \lambda e^{-y\lambda} \), where \( y > 0 \) and \( \lambda > 0 \). What are expectation \( E(X) \) and the variance \( Var(X) \)? (Please show the details)

三、(10%) The moment-generating function of X is \( M(t) = (0.25 + 0.75e^{t})^{16} \). What are the p.d.f. of X as well as the expectation E(X) and variance Var(X)? (Please show the details)

四、(10%) Let \( X_1, X_2, ..., X_n \) be a random sample from \( N(\mu, \sigma^2) \) with known mean \( \mu \). Moreover, Let \( \chi^2_{p(n)} \) denote the \( 100p^{\text{th}} \) percentile of \( \chi^2(n) \), the Chi-Square distribution with \( n \) degrees of freedom, where \( 0 \le p \le 1 \). Namely, \( P(Y \le \chi^2_{p(n)}) = p \), where \( Y \sim \chi^2(n) \) Describe how you would construct a \( 100(1-\alpha)\% \) confidence interval for the unknown variance \( \sigma^2 \), where \( 0 \le \alpha \le 1 \).

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