6. Explain the relationship between concentration and electrical charge in a living cell. If you increase the amount of Potassium inside a cell, why does the cell end up with a more negative electrical charge?

8. The development of mRNA vaccines represents a paradigm shift in vaccinology, moving from the delivery of exogenous antigens to the delivery of genetic instructions. Critically evaluate the role of the Lipid Nanoparticle (LNP) and the host ribosome in the efficacy of an mRNA vaccine. Explain why the mRNA must be chemically modified (e.g., using pseudouridine) to bypass the host's innate immune sensors. Finally, describe the intracellular pathway by which the resulting protein is presented on the cell surface via MHC class I molecules.

6. Explain the relationship between concentration and electrical charge in a living cell. If you increase the amount of Potassium inside a cell, why does the cell end up with a more negative electrical charge?

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