II. Translation 
1. 很久很久以前，孩子們為了家中唯一一台電視的遙控器的控制權大打出手。如今，孩子們可選擇在螢幕上觀看的內容看似無窮無盡。有電腦、平板、手機、遊戲機等提供串流服務、線上內容、及應用程式。在學校，因著數位素養作為國家課程的一部分， 孩子們也使用這些設備。這般改變的速度及尺度已經讓家長們、研究者們、及政策制 定者們措手不及，且已不可避免的引發對螢幕使用的憂心及限制使用的指引等。

2. 沙崙智慧綠能科學城 (Shalun Smart Green Energy Science City)位於台南歸仁區(Gueiren District)，是台灣首座結合綠能、智慧科技與產學研合作的示範園區，致力推動能源 轉型與永續發展。園區聚焦創能、儲能、節能及系統整合四大主軸，吸引中研院 (Academia Sinica)、工研院 (Industrial Technology Research Institute)等機構進駐，打造南部科技新聚落 。

(1) Briefly explain what the author tries to convey through the material. 

(2) Decide on one SEL area you want to incorporate into your course design. Elaborate on your understanding of the area, and why it matters to you. 

(3) Based on the reading, design a 50-minute class incorporating this SEL area. 

(1) Briefly define the term. 

(2) Critically analyse its potential benefits and drawbacks in a classroom setting. 

(3) Explain your standpoint in terms of its use in the Taiwanese educational context. 

IV.Writing and Test design Please design     five     reading comprehension questions for SLSH 11th graders, with 混合題 being the last two questions. They should be suitable for the new General Scholastic Ability Test (新型學測 混合題型). Answer keys need to be provided.     When people envision the consequences of climate change, they often picture melting glaciers, coastal flooding, and increasingly intense storms. However, one of the more unsettling and lesser-known indicators of environmental disruption is the emergence of ghost forests. These haunting landscapes, filled with the skeletal remains of once-thriving trees, are not merely eerie sights; they are vivid symbols of ecosystems in decline. Although still unfamiliar to many, ghost forests represent a growing ecological phenomenon, offering stark evidence that climate change is not a distant threat but a process already reshaping our planet.      Ghost forests form in low-lying coastal areas where saltwater intrusion disrupts the delicate balance of freshwater ecosystems. As sea levels rise, saltwater infiltrates soil that native trees cannot tolerate. Unable to absorb water through salt-saturated roots, the trees slowly die, their trunks remaining upright for years, slowly weathered into pale, barkless columns. This process is not confined to a single region; it is occurring across the eastern United States, parts of Canada, and regions in Southeast Asia. In places like Maryland and North Carolina, ghost forests have rapidly expanded in the past two decades, replacing vibrant green woodlands with barren, silent swamps.      The primary driver behind this transformation is anthropogenic climate change. Rising global temperatures accelerate polar ice melt, contributing to a gradual but relentless rise in sea levels. Combined with stronger coastal storms, this allows saltwater to reach farther inland than ever before. Historically, natural barriers such as wetlands and marshes absorbed much of this intruding water. However, human activities, such as wetland drainage, road construction, and agricultural development, have degraded these protective systems, allowing saltwater to spread unchecked into areas previously shielded from such exposure.      Ghost forests do not simply mark environmental loss; they also amplify the problem. Healthy forests act as carbon sinks, absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. When trees die and decompose, they release that stored carbon back into the air, contributing to the greenhouse effect. At the same time, the collapse of forest ecosystems results in the loss of habitat for countless species, like birds, insects, mammals, and microbes that once depended on those trees for survival. Additionally, the death of these coastal forests weakens natural defenses against erosion, flooding, and storm surges, leaving nearby human communities more exposed to climate risks.      In response to these challenges, scientists and environmentalists are developing both preventative and adaptive strategies. One effective approach involves restoring wetlands, which act like ecological sponges—absorbing water, filtering salt, and reducing storm impact. In some regions, conservationists are building living shorelines composed of native plants, oyster reefs, and biodegradable structures. These not only stabilize coastlines but also provide habitat for marine life. Others are experimenting with planting salt-tolerant tree species, aiming to establish more resilient forests in threatened areas. Yet, as promising as these local efforts are, they must be accompanied by broader global action, including reducing greenhouse gas emissions, protecting existing forests, and promoting sustainable land use. Public awareness is equally crucial. Many people remain unaware of ghost forests and the climate-driven processes behind them. These quiet forests tell a powerful story: one of ecological vulnerability, human impact, and the urgent need for change. By educating communities, students, and decision-makers about these shifting landscapes, we create opportunities for more informed and timely responses.      In conclusion, ghost forests are more than a visual oddity; they are living (and dying) evidence of a rapidly changing climate. Their presence speaks volumes about the health of our planet’s ecosystems and the unintended consequences of human activity. As climate change continues to transform familiar landscapes into ghostly reminders of what once was, it also calls us to rethink how we interact with nature. Whether we view ghost forests as tragic endpoints or warnings that inspire action may well determine how many more forests suffer the same fate. 

一、 請依下列球三餘弦定律說明,cos(c) = cos(a) cos(b) + sin(a) sin(b) cos(C). (a,b,c 為線段,A,B,C 為角度)已知出發點 A之經緯度為(LAT₁ = a, LONG 1),與到達點 B(LAT2= b, LONG2),如何運用該餘弦定律,以求出出發點之大圈初向(10%)

二、 請翻譯成中文 Spherical trigonometry plays an integral part in the practice of navigation, for both aircraft and waterborne vessels. It is the fundamental background from which the practical application of the concept of Great Circle Navigation stems from, as the shortest distance between two points on a sphere is located along an arc of a great circle. Navigation in Maritime Academies is taught to Sea Captain/students in several different courses as required/mandated by the International Maritime Organization (IMO). Although in modern times, voyage planning is done exclusively using electronic aids and computerized programs, such as the Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS), it is still considered to be imperative for students to know the basics of manually calculating passages using the aforementioned concepts due to war risk around the world. (5%)

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