113年 - [無官方正解]113 國立中興大學_碩士班招生考試試題_生物醫學研究所：生物化學#139096

1. The major energy-generating step during glycolysis is
(A)hexokinase
(B)phosphofructokinase
(C)glyceraldehyde-3-P dehydrogenase.
(D)phosphoglycerate kinase.

2. Which metabolic pathway is common to both aerobic and anaerobic oxidation of glucose?
(A)glycolysis
(B)TCA cycle
(C)oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria
(D)glycogenolysis

3. Where are the major organs that glycogen stores in mammals?
(A)kidney and liver
(B)stomach and kidney
(C)muscle and liver
(D)muscle and kidney

4. The process of glycogenolysis is accelerated by:
(A)insulin
(B)glucagon
(C)glycogen
(D)glucose

5. What are the sources of gluconeogenesis?
(A)proteins and amino acid
(B)lipid and fatty acid
(C)glycogen
(D)nucleic acid

6. Which one of the following statements is true about catabolic pathways?
(A)They combine molecules into more complex and energy-rich molecules.
(B)They belong to the reduction reaction.
(C)They are usually coupled with anabolic pathways and generate energy in the form of ATP.
(D)They do not need enzyme catalysts.

7. Which one is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?
(A)complex IV
(B)oxygen
(C)coenzyme Q
(D)cytochrome C

8. Substrate-level phosphorylation for energy production takes place in
(A)Glycolysis and the TCA cycle.
(B)The electron transport system and the lipid beta-oxidation.
(C)Glycolysis and the electron transport system.
(D)The TCA cycle and the gluconeogenesis.

9. Which one is the byproducts generated from the oxidative phosphorylation for energy production?
(A)ATP
(B)NADH
(C)ROS
(D)FADH2

10. How many ATP molecules can be synthesized when each electron pair is donated by FADH2 in oxidative phosphorylation?
(A)1
(B)2
(C)3
(D)4

11. Phosphate-containing lipids include all of the following except
(A)plasmalogen.
(B)phospholipids.
(C)sphingolipid.
(D)triglyceride.

12. The enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis subject to feedback inhibition is
(A)ABCB4.
(B)desaturase.
(C)fatty acid synthase.
(D)HMG CoA reductase.

13. How does inhibition of the Na+/K+ ATPase increase the force of heart muscle contraction?
(A)It increases cytosolic Na+ and therefore decreases Ca2+ export.
(B)It increases cytosolic K+ and therefore decreases Ca2+ export.
(C)It decreases cytosolic Na+ and therefore decreases Ca2+ export.
(D)It decreases cytosolic K+ and therefore decreases Ca2+ export.

14. Transepithelial glucose transport uses a symport to transport glucose up a concentration gradient by
(A)coupling glucose transport to proton movement.
(B)coupling glucose transport to Na+ movement.
(C)coupling glucose transport to Ca2+ movement.
(D)coupling glucose transport to Cl– movement.

15. How many NAD+ are reduced in the degradation of palmitoyl~CoA to form eight molecules of acetyl~CoA?
(A)1
(B)7
(C)8
(D)14

16. Carnitine acyltransferase is located in the mitochondrion within the
(A)intermembrane space
(B)outer membrane
(C)inner membrane
(D)matrix

17. Advantages of fatty acids as primary energy storage molecules include all these points except
(A)they are more reduced than carbohydrates
(B)they are hydrophobic in nature and can pack more efficiently in fat storage cells
(C)they are more readily available for immediate metabolic needs
(D)they contain more energy per gram than carbohydrates

18. A key intermediate in the catabolism of fatty acids with uneven numbers of carbon atoms is
(A)malonyl-CoA
(B)propionyl-CoA
(C)oxaloacetate
(D)phosphoenolpyruvate

19. A key intermediate in the formation of "ketone bodies" is
(A)succinyl-CoA
(B)methyl malonyl-CoA
(C)propionyl-CoA
(D)acetoacetyl-CoA

20. Of the processes listed below, which is not an important source of acetyl-CoA?
(A)pentose phosphate pathway
(B)amino acid degradation
(C)glycolysis
(D)fatty acid oxidation

21. Which amino acid would you find most likely in an integral protein embedded in the plasma membrane?
(A)serine
(B)arginine
(C)glutamine
(D)leucine

22. Which level of protein structure is stabilized mainly by hydrogen bonding?
(A)primary structure
(B)secondary structure
(C)quaternary structure
(D)Hydrogen bonding does not markedly affect the protein structure.

23. In the case of thioredoxin activation, which of the following sequences would be most disrupted?
(A)Cys-Leu-Val-Tyr-Tyr-Thr
(B)Val-Leu-Leu-Cys-Thr-Thr
(C)Tyr-Cys-Cys-Thr-Val-Leu
(D)All the peptides above would be equally affected

24. When we talk about “denaturation” in protein structure, what would be the best definition?
(A)It happens primarily due to the changes in primary structure
(B)It occurs due to the bindings of toxic compounds
(C)It happens due to the disruption of non-covalent bonds
(D)It happens due to the disruption of covalent bonds

25. The end product of an enzymatic reaction attenuates the formation of the product in an earlier step. What would be the best term to describe this enzymatic regulation?
(A)feedback inhibition
(B)non-competitive inhibition
(C)allosteric regulation
(D)competitive inhibition

26. A research group at NCHU has isolated “Protein S” from the wall of a human stomach. In order to learn how to synthesize stomach tissues in the lab, the researchers determined the sequences of amino acids of Protein S and created a functional mRNA template to translate Protein S in vitro. After several attempts, they were able to translate a correct copy of the polypeptide chain in the lab, however, it took several days for the protein to fold into its native structure. The scientists observed that many copies of Protein S were folded from polypeptide chains every minute in vivo. What is NOT a possible explanation for this difference in folding times?
(A)The temperature in vitro is too low
(B)The in vitro study lacks a functional tRNA molecule
(C)The pH in vitro is too high
(D)There is no key enzyme in the in vitro study

27. Aquaporin is a channel protein that functions as a transporter of water in and out of a cell and is located within the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane. In human plasma, there is a large protein called albumin that circulates freely in blood vessels. Based on their physiological locations, what is the best statement to describe these two proteins?
(A)Aquaporin has a more nonpolar core with a nonpolar outer layer, whereas albumin has a more polar core with a polar outer layer
(B)Aquaporin has a more polar core with a polar outer layer, whereas albumin has a more nonpolar core with a nonpolar outer layer
(C)Aquaporin has a more nonpolar core with a polar outer layer, whereas albumin has a more polar core with a nonpolar outer layer
(D)Aquaporin has a more polar core with a nonpolar outer layer, whereas albumin has a more nonpolar core with a polar outer layer

28. If Golgi apparatus were damaged by a consumed chemical compound, what process would be most altered?
(A)protein translation
(B)protein glycosylation
(C)alpha helix formation
(D)beta-sheet formation

29. A student was conducting experiments to understand how certain factors affect the chemical reaction with the enzyme fully saturated with substrate. What could she do to facilitate the reaction?
(A)Increase the temperature to 40 degrees Celsius
(B)Increase the concentration of substrate
(C)Increase the concentration of enzyme
(D)Add more solutions to the system

30. One of the structural proteins α-keratin is the main component of human hair. Many girls often use tools to straighten hair by applying heat to iron hair into temporarily lying flat and straight. What would be the best biological explanation for this fact?
(A)Hair straighteners disrupt hydrogen bonds in α-keratin
(B)Hair straighteners disrupt ionic bonds between α-keratin molecules
(C)Hair straighteners disrupt disulfide bonds in α-keratin molecules
(D)Hair straighteners denature α-keratin molecules by disrupting the pH

31. Okazaki fragments show all the following characteristics except for which ONE?
(A)are typically 1000-2000 nucleotides long in prokaryotes
(B)are joined together by DNA primase
(C)are formed as part of the lagging strand
(D)allow a replisome to move in one direction on double-stranded DNA

32. The enzyme telomerase synthesizes DNA strands at the end of chromosomes through which ONE of the following mechanisms?
(A)By converting DNA polymerase into a continuously cycling mode
(B)By adding each of the 4 nucleotides in turn to produce a repetitive sequence
(C)By extending the leading strand via instructions from its own internal template
(D)By adding long poly A tails to the leading strand

33. Which statement best describes the main distinction between the origin of the two classes of small regulatory RNAs: siRNA and miRNA?
(A)siRNAs originate within the cell cytoplasm; miRNAs originate from the cell genome
(B)siRNAs originate from predominantly exogenous dsRNA; miRNAs originate from the cell genome
(C)miRNAs are expressed whenever siRNAs are unable to appropriately degrade RNA sequences
(D)miRNAs are processed from dsRNA viruses, siRNAs are processed from ssRNA viruses

34. Of the following four 15-bp double-stranded DNA sequences, which will be most stable at higher temperatures? In other words, which will most likely remain in a double-stranded form? (Note: only one strand is shown here) Choose the single best answer.
(A)CATCCTAGCGACTAT
(B)CTATACGACATAGCC
(C)AAATGCATACATCTT
(D)CCCGCATCGCCATCG

35. Please choose the most accurate description of the enhancer. Enhancers are ____
(A)proteins located adjacent to promoters
(B)distant sites where regulatory proteins bind
(C)a bacterial form of promoters
(D)proteins that bind with repressors, deactivating them

36. Which of the following helps stabilize mRNA by inhibiting its degradation?
(A)TATA box
(B)spliceosomes
(C)5ʹ cap and poly ( A ) tail
(D)introns

37. What is the activated reactant in the biosynthesis of phosphoribosylamine?
(A)ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)
(B)IMP (Inosine monophosphate)
(C)PRPP (5-Phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate)
(D)FAD (Flavin adenine dinucleotide)

38. During DNA replication in eukaryotic cells, the enzyme responsible for synthesizing the new DNA strand in the 5' to 3' direction is:
(A)DNA ligase
(B)DNA polymerase α
(C)DNA polymerase δ
(D)RNA primase

39. Regarding telomerase, which statement is correct?
(A)Telomerase is responsible for DNA repair.
(B)Telomerase increases the number of DNA molecules in cells after each cell division.
(C)Telomerase is primarily found in prokaryotes.
(D)The main function of telomerase is to cleave DNA molecules.

40. Which of the following statements about prokaryotic and eukaryotic mRNA is incorrect?
(A)Prokaryotic and eukaryotic mRNAs are polycistronic.
(B)Translation of prokaryotic mRNAs can begin even before transcription is completed.
(C)Eukaryotic RNAs undergo significant posttranscriptional processing.
(D)The 5' end of all eukaryotic mRNAs is capped with a unique 5'-5' linkage to a 7- methylguanosine residue.

41. Regarding RNA splicing, which statement is correct?
(A)RNA splicing occurs during translation.
(B)RNA splicing separates the RNA transcript into exons and introns.
(C)RNA splicing only occurs in eukaryotes.
(D)The primary function of RNA splicing is the synthesis of tRNA.

42. Which of the following statements regarding restriction endonuclease is true?
(A)Bacteria use them to cause DNA cleavage and to inactivate the DNA of invaders.
(B)Most widely used in molecular biology are type II restriction endonuclease.
(C)Type I Restriction endonuclease has methyltransferase activity.
(D)All of the above.

1. Please briefly describe what is chemiosmosis and how the formation of ATP via ATP synthase in mitochondria occurs (5 points).

2. If you received a laboratory report showing the presence of a high concentration of ketone bodies in the urine of a patient, what disease would you suspect? Why do ketone bodies accumulate in such patients? (5 points)

3. The thermodynamics of protein folding is a very interesting concept to understand. A. Does entropy increase or decrease when proteins fold and why? (3 points) B. Based on your answer in A, do you think protein folding follows or violates the thermodynamics law and why? (3 points)