10. According to the pressure-flow hypothesis, what is the driving force for the long-distance transport of phloem sap?
(A) Negative pressure (tension) generated by leaf transpiration.
(B) Active transport of sucrose into the sieve tube at the source, which lowers water potential and causes water uptake, generating local positive pressure.
(C) Active water pumping at the sink, creating a massive capillary action.
(D) High-speed cytoplasmic streaming driven by ATP within the sieve tube cells.

11. During the symbiotic nitrogen fixation between legumes and Rhizobium, the nitrogenase in the bacteria is highly sensitive to oxygen. How does the plant help resolve this issue? (A) The plant closes its root stomata to prevent soil oxygen from entering. (B) The plant synthesizes leghemoglobin, which binds oxygen in the microenvironment to maintain a low-oxygen state. (C) The plant converts oxygen into salicylic acid to provide as a carbon source for the bacteria. (D) Rhizobium itself secretes a thick Casparian strip to completely isolate oxygen.

12. Regarding the reproductive cycle of angiosperms, which of the following statements is correct? (A) A microspore mother cell undergoes mitosis to produce four microspores. (B) A mature pollen grain (male gametophyte) ready for fertilization typically contains one tube cell and two sperm cells. (C) The endosperm develops from the fusion of one sperm cell and two antipodal cells. (D) The four megaspores produced by the meiosis of a megaspore mother cell usually all survive and develop into embryo sacs.

13. In plant anatomy and morphology, which of the following characteristics is most appropriate for distinguishing between typical monocots and dicots? (A) The arrangement of vascular bundles in the stem: scattered versus in a ring. (B) Whether they reproduce by seeds. (C) Whether they exhibit alternation of generations between sporophyte and gametophyte. (D) Whether photosynthesis relies on chlorophyll a and b.

14. The opening and closing of stomata are mainly controlled by changes in turgor pressure within the guard cells. When stomata are about to open, which of the following ion transport events occurs first in the guard cells? (A) Potassium ions (K⁺) are actively pumped out of the cell. (B) Hydrogen ions (H⁺) are actively pumped out of the cell, establishing a membrane potential. (C) Calcium ions (Ca²⁺) flood into the cell, directly activating aquaporins. (D) Chloride ions (Cl⁻) are actively pumped out of the cell.

15. Regarding plant responses to environmental stress, which of the following hormones is synthesized in large amounts during drought stress to induce stomatal closure and reduce water loss? (A) Gibberellins (B) Salicylic acid (C) Jasmonic acid (D) Abscisic acid

16. Many plants synthesize secondary metabolites to defend against herbivores. Which class of secondary metabolites contains nitrogen in its chemical structure and often has strong physiological effects on the animal nervous system (e.g., caffeine, nicotine)? (A) Terpenoids (B) Phenolics (C) Alkaloids (D) Flavonoids

17. Regarding plant cell walls and supporting tissues, which of the following statements is correct? (A) Sclerenchyma usually contains living protoplasts at maturity. (B) Collenchyma has unevenly thickened primary cell walls, providing flexible support for growing organs. (C) Lignin primarily accumulates in the primary cell wall of plants. (D) Fibers are considered a type of collenchyma.

18. In plant symbiotic relationships, mycorrhizae and root nodules primarily assist the plant in absorbing which nutrients from the soil, respectively? (A) Mycorrhizae: Nitrogen; Root nodules: Phosphorus (B) Mycorrhizae: Phosphorus; Root nodules: Nitrogen (C) Both primarily assist in absorbing potassium (D) Both primarily assist in absorbing calcium

19. Regarding the cellular specialization and physiological adaptation of cyanobacteria, some filamentous cyanobacteria differentiate into which of the following specialized cells to perform nitrogen fixation while simultaneously carrying out photosynthesis? (These cells maintain a low-oxygen internal environment by lacking Photosystem II). (A) Akinete (B) Heterocyst (C) Endospore (D) Vegetative cell

20. Plants can also generate action potentials similar to those in animals for rapid responses, such as the closing of a Venus flytrap. This change in electrical potential is primarily driven by the transmembrane movement of which two ions? (A) Sodium (Na⁺) and Potassium (K⁺) (B) Calcium (Ca²⁺) and Potassium (K⁺) (C) Chloride (Cl⁻) and Hydrogen (H⁺) (D) Magnesium (Mg²⁺) and Sodium (Na⁺)

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