所屬科目：研究所、轉學考(插大)◆普通植物學
1. Which of the following plant hormones is often used in plant tissue culture, in combination with auxin, to induce the formation of adventitious shoots, and naturally functions to delay leaf senescence? (A) Gibberellin (B) Cytokinin (C) Ethylene (D) Abscisic acid
2. Regarding the electron transport chain in angiosperm photosynthesis, which of the following statements is correct? (A) Plastoquinone transfers electrons from Photosystem I to Photosystem II. (B) Plastocyanin transfers electrons from the cytochrome b6f complex to Photosystem I. (C) The splitting of water molecules occurs in the stroma outside the thylakoid. (D) Ferredoxin is the final electron acceptor of Photosystem II.
3. During secondary growth, the vascular cambium produces secondary xylem and secondary phloem. Which of the following cells is typically NOT found in the secondary xylem of a woody dicot? (A) Vessel elements (B) Companion cells (C) Tracheids (D) Ray parenchyma cells
4. Regarding plant defense mechanisms against pathogens, which of the following describes a characteristic of Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR)? (A) Cells at the infection site rapidly undergo apoptosis to limit pathogen spread. (B) The plant produces large amounts of phytoalexins that act only in the localized infection area. (C) Salicylic acid acts as a signaling molecule to induce a broad defense response in uninfected tissues. (D) Elicitors secreted by pathogens directly alter the cell wall structure of infected cells.
5. In the regulation of plant hormones, apical dominance is primarily controlled by the antagonistic action between which two hormones? (A) Auxin and Ethylene (B) Auxin and Cytokinin (C) Gibberellin and Abscisic acid (D) Cytokinin and Salicylic acid
6. Which of the following plant characteristics or structures is present in both gymnosperms and angiosperms, but completely absent in ferns? (A) Vascular tissues such as xylem and phloem (B) A gametophyte capable of independent photosynthesis (C) The ability to produce seeds (D) Fruits developed from an ovary
7. In plant mineral deficiency symptoms, if older leaves first show chlorosis (yellowing) while younger leaves remain green, the plant is most likely deficient in which of the following elements? (A) Calcium ( Ca ) (B) Iron ( Fe ) (C) Magnesium ( Mg ) (D) Boron ( B )
8. Regarding the anatomical structure and function of plant roots, which of the following statements is INCORRECT? (A) The Casparian strip in the endodermal cell walls blocks water from entering the vascular cylinder via the apoplastic route. (B) Lateral roots develop from pericycle cells that regain the ability to divide. (C) Root hairs are outward extensions of epidermal cells, functioning primarily to increase surface area for absorption. (D) The root cap is located behind the zone of elongation and is responsible for protecting the apical meristem.
9. Phytochrome is an important photoreceptor in plants, regulating various physiological responses. Which of the following statements about its mechanism is correct? (A) It primarily absorbs blue and ultraviolet light. (B) After absorbing red light, the Pr form converts to the physiologically active Pfr form. (C) After absorbing far-red light, it strongly promotes the germination of light-requiring seeds. (D) It is located in the chloroplast and directly participates in the light reactions of photosynthesis.
10. According to the pressure-flow hypothesis, what is the driving force for the long-distance transport of phloem sap? (A) Negative pressure (tension) generated by leaf transpiration. (B) Active transport of sucrose into the sieve tube at the source, which lowers water potential and causes water uptake, generating local positive pressure. (C) Active water pumping at the sink, creating a massive capillary action. (D) High-speed cytoplasmic streaming driven by ATP within the sieve tube cells.
11. During the symbiotic nitrogen fixation between legumes and Rhizobium, the nitrogenase in the bacteria is highly sensitive to oxygen. How does the plant help resolve this issue? (A) The plant closes its root stomata to prevent soil oxygen from entering. (B) The plant synthesizes leghemoglobin, which binds oxygen in the microenvironment to maintain a low-oxygen state. (C) The plant converts oxygen into salicylic acid to provide as a carbon source for the bacteria. (D) Rhizobium itself secretes a thick Casparian strip to completely isolate oxygen.
12. Regarding the reproductive cycle of angiosperms, which of the following statements is correct? (A) A microspore mother cell undergoes mitosis to produce four microspores. (B) A mature pollen grain (male gametophyte) ready for fertilization typically contains one tube cell and two sperm cells. (C) The endosperm develops from the fusion of one sperm cell and two antipodal cells. (D) The four megaspores produced by the meiosis of a megaspore mother cell usually all survive and develop into embryo sacs.
13. In plant anatomy and morphology, which of the following characteristics is most appropriate for distinguishing between typical monocots and dicots? (A) The arrangement of vascular bundles in the stem: scattered versus in a ring. (B) Whether they reproduce by seeds. (C) Whether they exhibit alternation of generations between sporophyte and gametophyte. (D) Whether photosynthesis relies on chlorophyll a and b.
14. The opening and closing of stomata are mainly controlled by changes in turgor pressure within the guard cells. When stomata are about to open, which of the following ion transport events occurs first in the guard cells? (A) Potassium ions (K⁺) are actively pumped out of the cell. (B) Hydrogen ions (H⁺) are actively pumped out of the cell, establishing a membrane potential. (C) Calcium ions (Ca²⁺) flood into the cell, directly activating aquaporins. (D) Chloride ions (Cl⁻) are actively pumped out of the cell.
15. Regarding plant responses to environmental stress, which of the following hormones is synthesized in large amounts during drought stress to induce stomatal closure and reduce water loss? (A) Gibberellins (B) Salicylic acid (C) Jasmonic acid (D) Abscisic acid
16. Many plants synthesize secondary metabolites to defend against herbivores. Which class of secondary metabolites contains nitrogen in its chemical structure and often has strong physiological effects on the animal nervous system (e.g., caffeine, nicotine)? (A) Terpenoids (B) Phenolics (C) Alkaloids (D) Flavonoids
17. Regarding plant cell walls and supporting tissues, which of the following statements is correct? (A) Sclerenchyma usually contains living protoplasts at maturity. (B) Collenchyma has unevenly thickened primary cell walls, providing flexible support for growing organs. (C) Lignin primarily accumulates in the primary cell wall of plants. (D) Fibers are considered a type of collenchyma.
18. In plant symbiotic relationships, mycorrhizae and root nodules primarily assist the plant in absorbing which nutrients from the soil, respectively? (A) Mycorrhizae: Nitrogen; Root nodules: Phosphorus (B) Mycorrhizae: Phosphorus; Root nodules: Nitrogen (C) Both primarily assist in absorbing potassium (D) Both primarily assist in absorbing calcium
19. Regarding the cellular specialization and physiological adaptation of cyanobacteria, some filamentous cyanobacteria differentiate into which of the following specialized cells to perform nitrogen fixation while simultaneously carrying out photosynthesis? (These cells maintain a low-oxygen internal environment by lacking Photosystem II). (A) Akinete (B) Heterocyst (C) Endospore (D) Vegetative cell
20. Plants can also generate action potentials similar to those in animals for rapid responses, such as the closing of a Venus flytrap. This change in electrical potential is primarily driven by the transmembrane movement of which two ions? (A) Sodium (Na⁺) and Potassium (K⁺) (B) Calcium (Ca²⁺) and Potassium (K⁺) (C) Chloride (Cl⁻) and Hydrogen (H⁺) (D) Magnesium (Mg²⁺) and Sodium (Na⁺)
21. Regarding the seed structure of gymnosperms, what is the origin and ploidy of the "endosperm" that provides nutrients for embryo development? (A) Produced by double fertilization, triploid (3n) (B) Developed from maternal sporophyte tissue, diploid (2n) (C) Developed from female gametophyte tissue, haploid (1n) (D) Developed from male gametophyte tissue, haploid (1n)
22. In the transport mechanism of vascular plants, "phloem loading" often requires energy. By what mechanism do companion cells primarily transport sucrose against its concentration gradient into the cell? (A) Using an ATP-driven sucrose uniporter (B) Relying on a Na⁺/sucrose symporter (C) Using an H⁺/sucrose symporter driven by a proton (H⁺) gradient (D) Through osmotic traction by aquaporins
23. When a plant grows in the shade of other plants, it exhibits the "shade avoidance syndrome," which promotes rapid internode elongation. This occurs because of what change in the environmental light spectrum? (A) The proportion of blue light increases, activating cryptochromes. (B) The Red/Far-red (R/FR) ratio decreases, leading to a reduction in the physiologically active Pfr form of phytochrome. (C) Ultraviolet (UV-B) radiation increases, destroying auxin. (D) The Red/Far-red (R/FR) ratio increases, leading to an increase in the Pr form of phytochrome.
24. During cellular respiration in plant cells, where does the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) occur? (A) Mitochondrial matrix (B) Inner mitochondrial membrane (C) Cytosol (D) Chloroplast stroma
25. In the classification of angiosperm fruits, a pineapple develops from the fusion of the sepals, petals, and ovaries of many flowers within an entire inflorescence. This type of fruit is called a: (A) Aggregate fruit (B) Simple fruit (C) Multiple fruit (D) Accessory fruit
26. The "cyclic electron flow" in photosynthesis involves only Photosystem I. What is the primary physiological significance of this process? (A) To increase the production of NADPH for use in the Calvin cycle. (B) To produce additional ATP, meeting the Calvin cycle's demand for ATP, which is greater than its demand for NADPH. (C) To promote the splitting of water molecules to release more oxygen. (D) To directly fix carbon dioxide into 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PGA).
27. Regarding the "gene-for-gene hypothesis" in the plant immune system, which of the following conditions must be met for a plant to successfully recognize and trigger a defense response against a specific pathogen? (A) The plant has a dominant resistance (R) gene, and the pathogen has the corresponding avirulence (Avr) effector gene. (B) The plant lacks an R gene, and the pathogen has an Avr gene. (C) The plant has an R gene, and the pathogen lacks an Avr gene. (D) Neither the plant nor the pathogen expresses any defense or pathogenic genes.
28. The leaves of submerged or floating plants have adapted to aquatic environments. Taking the floating leaf of a water lily as an example, what is the distribution characteristic of its stomata? (A) Stomata are primarily distributed on the lower (abaxial) epidermis. (B) Stomata are primarily distributed on the upper (adaxial) epidermis. (C) The stomatal density is roughly the same on both the upper and lower epidermis. (D) It has no stomata at all.
29. As a tree undergoes secondary growth, the xylem in the center of the trunk gradually loses its water-conducting function, accumulates decay-resistant substances, and darkens in color. This central part is called: (A) Sapwood (B) Heartwood (C) Earlywood (D) Latewood
30. When wild-type Agrobacterium tumefaciens infects a plant, it causes crown gall disease. After its T-DNA is transferred into the plant genome, which genes are expressed to cause tumor formation? (A) Genes synthesizing cellulose and lignin. (B) Genes synthesizing defensins and salicylic acid. (C) Genes synthesizing auxin, cytokinin, and opines. (D) Genes synthesizing abscisic acid (ABA) and ethylene.
31. In the light reactions of photosynthesis, what important function does the cytochrome b6f complex perform besides transferring electrons? (A) Reducing NADP⁺ to NADPH. (B) Splitting water molecules to produce oxygen. (C) Pumping protons (H⁺) from the stroma into the thylakoid lumen. (D) Directly catalyzing the synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi.
32. Both C4 and CAM plants have evolved carbon dioxide-concentrating mechanisms to reduce photorespiration. The fundamental difference between these two mechanisms is: (A) C4 involves temporal isolation, while CAM involves spatial isolation. (B) C4 involves spatial isolation, while CAM involves temporal isolation. (C) C4 uses PEP carboxylase, while CAM uses Rubisco as the initial carbon-fixing enzyme. (D) C4 fixes carbon at night, while CAM fixes carbon during the day.
33. Communication and material exchange between plant cells primarily occur through plasmodesmata. The tubular structure running through the center of a plasmodesma is called a "desmotubule". It is an extension of the membrane of which organelle? (A) Golgi apparatus (B) Rough endoplasmic reticulum (C) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (D) Vacuolar membrane (Tonoplast)
34. Regarding the mechanism of long-distance upward water transport in the xylem of plants, which of the following is the primary driving force? (A) Root pressure generated in the roots (B) Transpiration pull generated by stomata in the leaves (C) Active transport by xylem parenchyma cells (D) Capillary action between water and vessel walls
35. Regarding the evolution of land plants, which of the following is a shared derived character of all embryophytes, but is lacking in most green algae? (A) Having a cell wall composed of cellulose. (B) Using starch as the primary storage polysaccharide. (C) Having apical meristems and multicellular gametangia. (D) Having true xylem and phloem.
36. In the life cycle of angiosperms, the process of transferring pollen grains from the anther to the stigma is called pollination. Which of the following plant groups typically lacks a conspicuous perianth (petals and sepals), produces large amounts of light pollen, and has feathery stigmas? (A) Insect-pollinated flowers (B) Bird-pollinated flowers (C) Wind-pollinated flowers (D) Bat-pollinated flowers
37. During the germination of a barley seed, the scutellum secretes a hormone that stimulates the aleurone layer to synthesize alpha-amylase to break down starch in the endosperm. This hormone is: (A) Gibberellin (B) Abscisic acid (C) Ethylene (D) Auxin
38. In plant systematics, based on current evolutionary evidence, which group of green algae is considered the closest living sister group to land plants? (A) Chlorella (B) Charophytes (C) Volvox (D) Ulva
39. Bryophytes are considered the earliest plant group to colonize land evolutionarily, but they are still restricted by many environmental factors. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of bryophytes? (A) Lacking true xylem and phloem. (B) Having rhizoids primarily for anchorage. (C) Having a life cycle dominated by the haploid gametophyte generation. (D) Having seeds exposed, without ovary protection.
40. In the global plant phylogenetic tree, current molecular and morphological evidence indicates that which of the following groups is the most basal living branch of angiosperms? (A) Magnolia (B) Water lily (Nymphaea) (C) Amborella trichopoda (D) Star anise (Illicium verum)
41. When plant cells undergo mitosis, one of the most significant differences from animal cells is the method of cytokinesis. Plant cells primarily complete cytokinesis through which of the following structures? (A) Contractile ring (B) Cell plate (C) Cleavage furrow (D) Centrosome pulling
42. Transgenic technology often uses reporter genes to confirm whether a target gene has been successfully transferred and expressed. In plant research, which of the following genes is most commonly used as a reporter gene and appears blue after the addition of the substrate X-Gluc? (A) GFP gene (B) GUS gene (C) Luciferase gene (D) Cas9 gene
43. When plants face anaerobic conditions (such as flooded roots), the root cells alter their respiratory metabolic pathways. During this time, intracellular pyruvate is primarily converted into which of the following substances to regenerate NAD⁺? (A) Acetyl CoA (B) Lactic acid (C) Ethanol (D) Oxaloacetate
44. Regarding succession in community ecology, which of the following situations represents "primary succession"? (A) Shrubs regrowing after a forest fire. (B) An abandoned farmland gradually transforming into a secondary forest. (C) Lichens and mosses first colonizing bare rock after a volcanic island is formed. (D) Pioneer tree species growing in a canopy gap after a typhoon blows down a large tree.
45. In the global carbon cycle, plant photosynthesis plays a key role in fixing inorganic carbon. What is the enzyme in the chloroplast responsible for catalyzing the binding of carbon dioxide to RuBP? (A) PEP carboxylase (B) Rubisco (Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase) (C) ATP synthase (D) NADP⁺ reductase
46. During the cell cycle, in which phase does DNA replication occur? (A) G1 phase (B) S phase (C) G2 phase (D) M phase
47. The pistil of an angiosperm typically consists of three parts from top to bottom. They are, in order: (A) Anther, filament, receptacle (B) Stigma, style, ovary (C) Petal, sepal, pedicel (D) Ovule, placenta, carpel
48. Nitrogen gas (N₂) in the soil cannot be directly used by plants and must undergo nitrogen fixation. In nature, the process of converting N₂ to ammonia (NH₃) primarily relies on the participation of which of the following organisms? (A) Mycorrhizal fungi (B) Nitrogen-fixing bacteria and cyanobacteria (C) Algae in lichens (D) Digestive enzymes of carnivorous plants
49. Based on the flowering response to day length, the core physiological condition for short-day plants to flower is: (A) A day length shorter than a certain critical value. (B) A continuous dark period longer than a critical dark period. (C) A brief interruption by red light during the night. (D) Accumulating a sufficient number of low-temperature days (vernalization).
50. To adapt to high light stress, chloroplasts perform non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) to dissipate excess light energy. This protective mechanism primarily relies on the cycling of which class of pigments? (A) Chlorophyll b (B) Phycobilins (C) Xanthophylls (D) Anthocyanins
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