29. As a tree undergoes secondary growth, the xylem in the center of the trunk gradually loses its water-conducting function, accumulates decay-resistant substances, and darkens in color. This central part is called:
(A) Sapwood
(B) Heartwood
(C) Earlywood
(D) Latewood

30. When wild-type Agrobacterium tumefaciens infects a plant, it causes crown gall disease. After its T-DNA is transferred into the plant genome, which genes are expressed to cause tumor formation? (A) Genes synthesizing cellulose and lignin. (B) Genes synthesizing defensins and salicylic acid. (C) Genes synthesizing auxin, cytokinin, and opines. (D) Genes synthesizing abscisic acid (ABA) and ethylene.

31. In the light reactions of photosynthesis, what important function does the cytochrome b6f complex perform besides transferring electrons? (A) Reducing NADP⁺ to NADPH. (B) Splitting water molecules to produce oxygen. (C) Pumping protons (H⁺) from the stroma into the thylakoid lumen. (D) Directly catalyzing the synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi.

32. Both C4 and CAM plants have evolved carbon dioxide-concentrating mechanisms to reduce photorespiration. The fundamental difference between these two mechanisms is: (A) C4 involves temporal isolation, while CAM involves spatial isolation. (B) C4 involves spatial isolation, while CAM involves temporal isolation. (C) C4 uses PEP carboxylase, while CAM uses Rubisco as the initial carbon-fixing enzyme. (D) C4 fixes carbon at night, while CAM fixes carbon during the day.

33. Communication and material exchange between plant cells primarily occur through plasmodesmata. The tubular structure running through the center of a plasmodesma is called a "desmotubule". It is an extension of the membrane of which organelle? (A) Golgi apparatus (B) Rough endoplasmic reticulum (C) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (D) Vacuolar membrane (Tonoplast)

34. Regarding the mechanism of long-distance upward water transport in the xylem of plants, which of the following is the primary driving force? (A) Root pressure generated in the roots (B) Transpiration pull generated by stomata in the leaves (C) Active transport by xylem parenchyma cells (D) Capillary action between water and vessel walls

35. Regarding the evolution of land plants, which of the following is a shared derived character of all embryophytes, but is lacking in most green algae? (A) Having a cell wall composed of cellulose. (B) Using starch as the primary storage polysaccharide. (C) Having apical meristems and multicellular gametangia. (D) Having true xylem and phloem.

36. In the life cycle of angiosperms, the process of transferring pollen grains from the anther to the stigma is called pollination. Which of the following plant groups typically lacks a conspicuous perianth (petals and sepals), produces large amounts of light pollen, and has feathery stigmas? (A) Insect-pollinated flowers (B) Bird-pollinated flowers (C) Wind-pollinated flowers (D) Bat-pollinated flowers

37. During the germination of a barley seed, the scutellum secretes a hormone that stimulates the aleurone layer to synthesize alpha-amylase to break down starch in the endosperm. This hormone is: (A) Gibberellin (B) Abscisic acid (C) Ethylene (D) Auxin

38. In plant systematics, based on current evolutionary evidence, which group of green algae is considered the closest living sister group to land plants? (A) Chlorella (B) Charophytes (C) Volvox (D) Ulva

39. Bryophytes are considered the earliest plant group to colonize land evolutionarily, but they are still restricted by many environmental factors. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of bryophytes? (A) Lacking true xylem and phloem. (B) Having rhizoids primarily for anchorage. (C) Having a life cycle dominated by the haploid gametophyte generation. (D) Having seeds exposed, without ovary protection.

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