33. Communication and material exchange between plant cells primarily occur through plasmodesmata. The tubular structure running through the center of a plasmodesma is called a "desmotubule". It is an extension of the membrane of which organelle?
(A) Golgi apparatus
(B) Rough endoplasmic reticulum
(C) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
(D) Vacuolar membrane (Tonoplast)

34. Regarding the mechanism of long-distance upward water transport in the xylem of plants, which of the following is the primary driving force? (A) Root pressure generated in the roots (B) Transpiration pull generated by stomata in the leaves (C) Active transport by xylem parenchyma cells (D) Capillary action between water and vessel walls

35. Regarding the evolution of land plants, which of the following is a shared derived character of all embryophytes, but is lacking in most green algae? (A) Having a cell wall composed of cellulose. (B) Using starch as the primary storage polysaccharide. (C) Having apical meristems and multicellular gametangia. (D) Having true xylem and phloem.

36. In the life cycle of angiosperms, the process of transferring pollen grains from the anther to the stigma is called pollination. Which of the following plant groups typically lacks a conspicuous perianth (petals and sepals), produces large amounts of light pollen, and has feathery stigmas? (A) Insect-pollinated flowers (B) Bird-pollinated flowers (C) Wind-pollinated flowers (D) Bat-pollinated flowers

37. During the germination of a barley seed, the scutellum secretes a hormone that stimulates the aleurone layer to synthesize alpha-amylase to break down starch in the endosperm. This hormone is: (A) Gibberellin (B) Abscisic acid (C) Ethylene (D) Auxin

38. In plant systematics, based on current evolutionary evidence, which group of green algae is considered the closest living sister group to land plants? (A) Chlorella (B) Charophytes (C) Volvox (D) Ulva

39. Bryophytes are considered the earliest plant group to colonize land evolutionarily, but they are still restricted by many environmental factors. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of bryophytes? (A) Lacking true xylem and phloem. (B) Having rhizoids primarily for anchorage. (C) Having a life cycle dominated by the haploid gametophyte generation. (D) Having seeds exposed, without ovary protection.

40. In the global plant phylogenetic tree, current molecular and morphological evidence indicates that which of the following groups is the most basal living branch of angiosperms? (A) Magnolia (B) Water lily (Nymphaea) (C) Amborella trichopoda (D) Star anise (Illicium verum)

41. When plant cells undergo mitosis, one of the most significant differences from animal cells is the method of cytokinesis. Plant cells primarily complete cytokinesis through which of the following structures? (A) Contractile ring (B) Cell plate (C) Cleavage furrow (D) Centrosome pulling

42. Transgenic technology often uses reporter genes to confirm whether a target gene has been successfully transferred and expressed. In plant research, which of the following genes is most commonly used as a reporter gene and appears blue after the addition of the substrate X-Gluc? (A) GFP gene (B) GUS gene (C) Luciferase gene (D) Cas9 gene

43. When plants face anaerobic conditions (such as flooded roots), the root cells alter their respiratory metabolic pathways. During this time, intracellular pyruvate is primarily converted into which of the following substances to regenerate NAD⁺? (A) Acetyl CoA (B) Lactic acid (C) Ethanol (D) Oxaloacetate

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