10. Genetic variation can be introduced into bacteria through all of the following processes except:
(A) Transduction
(B) DNA amplification
(C) Transformation
(D) Mutation

11. Which of the following proteins/complexes    NOT    a requirement for protein synthesis? (A) Spliceosome (B) Ribisomes (C) Peptidyl transferase (D) Amino acyl-tRNA synthetase

12. The estrogen receptor regulates gene expression through its binding to DNA only as it is recruited into a complex with estradiol. Therefore, the estrogen receptor is considered to be: (A) An alternative sigma factor (B) A specific transcription factor (C) A general transcription factor (D) An enhancer sequence

13. Which of the following descriptions of CRISPR-Cas system is    INCORRECT   ? (A) CRIPSR is like an immune system in the bacteria to invade pathogen infections (B) It is applied potentially to edit germline cells for gene therapy (C) Cas9 targets a specific DNA sequence to make a cut across both strands of the DNA via a IncRNA (D) Off-target is the biggest issue that should be considered as CRISPR is used in gene therapy

14. Which of the following statements is   NOT   true regarding the Kozak sequence? (A) It is a sequence which occurs on eukaryotic mRNA (B) It plays a major role in the initiation of the transcription process (C) It plays a major role in the initiation of the translation process (D) The sequence is recognized by the ribosomes

15. Which of the following statements is   True   regarding Cas9? (A) It was first found in virus (B) It was first found in parasite (C) It is a RNA endonuclease (D) It is a DNA endonuclease

16. Which of the following statements is   True   regarding the stacking gel used in SDS-PAGE? (A) It has a high pH relative to that of the resolving gel (B) It is usually located at the bottom of the resolving gel (C) It has a lower polyacrylamide concentration than that of the resolving gel (D) Its pH value is normally pH8.8.

17. ELISA is the abbreviation of Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Which of the following enzymes is   NOT   routinely used for ELISA? (A) alkaline phosphatase (B) glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (C) Taq DNA polymerase (D) horseradish peroxidase

複選題18. Which of the following statements about Western Blotting is   CORRECT  ? (A) The detection of a particular protein by Western Blotting relies on labelling the protein with a specific dye (B) The detection of a particular protein by Western Blotting relies on labelling the antibody with a specific dye (C) The detection of a particular protein by Western Blotting relies on the very specific interaction between the protein and its antibody (D) The detection of a particular protein by Western Blotting relies on the denaturation of the protein

19. Which reaction in DNA replication is catalysed by DNA ligase? (A) Addition of new nucleotides to the leading strand (B) Addition of new nucleotides to the lagging strand (C) Base pairing of the template and the newly formed DNA strand (D) Formation of a phosphodiester bond between the 3'-OH of one Okazaki fragment and the 5'-phosphate of the next on the lagging strand

20. Which of the following statements regarding splicing of eukaryotic mRNA transcripts is   CORRECT  ? (A) Exons are spliced out and introns are retained in the mature mRNA transcript (B) Small nuclear RNAs are retained in the mature mRNA transcript (C) Several reactions in the splicing process involve hydrolysis of ATP (D) Splicing takes place in the cytosol

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