10. Which of the reactions of the citric acid cycle requires FAD as a coenzyme?

(A)the conversion of isocitrate to a-ketoglutarate

(B)the conversion of citrate to isocitrate

(C)the conversion of succinate to fumarate

(D)the conversion of malate to oxaloacetate

(E) none of these

11. What is the relationship between glycolysis and cancer?(A)cancer cells lack a glycolytic pathway(B)cancer cells use a modified version of glycolysis(C)cancer cells exhibit a much higher level of anaerobic glycolysis than normal cells(D)none of these

12. In the reoxidation of QH2 by purified ubiquinone-cytochrome c reductase (Complex III) from heart muscle, the overallstoichiometry of the reaction requires 2 mol of cytochrome e per mole of QH2 because:(A)cytochrome c is a one-electron acceptor, whereas QH₂ is a two-electron donor.(B)cytochrome c is a two-electron acceptor, whereas QH₂ is a one-electron donor.(C)cytochrome c is water soluble and operates between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes(D)heart muscle has a high rate of oxidative metabolism, and therefore requires twice as much cytochrome c as QH, forelectron transfer to proceed normally.(E)two molecules of cytochrome c must first combine physically before they are catalytically active.

13. During strenuous exercise, the NADH formed in the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase reaction in skeletal muscle must be reoxidized to NAD+ if glycolysis is to continue. The most important reaction involved in the reoxidation of NADH is:(A)dihydroxyacetone phosphate → glycerol 3-phosphate.(B)glucose 6-phosphate fructose 6-phosphate.(C)isocitrate → a-ketoglutarate.(D)oxaloacetate malate.(E) pyruvate lactate.

14. The essential enzyme for the C4 pathway is(A)ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase:oxygenase(B)phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase(C)ferredoxin-thioredoxin reductase(D)glyoxylate oxygenase(E) none of these

15. How do uncoupling agents affect the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation?(A)They block the flow of electrons, so protons aren't pumped, and ATP synthesis ceases.(B)They remove electrons from the chain, so less protons are pumped, and ATP synthesis decreases.(C)They block the flow of protons through the ATP synthase, so ATP synthesis ceases. Electron flow and proton pumping arealso halted as a result.(D)They provide an alternative path for protons to re-enter the mitochondrial matrix, so ATP synthesis decreases. Electron flowand proton pumping are not affected.

16. Which of the following statements about sterols is true?(A)Cholesterol is the principal sterol in fungi.(B)Sterols are found in the membranes of all living cells.(C) Sterols are soluble in water, but less so in organic solvents such as chloroform.(D)All sterols share a fused-ring structure with four rings.(E) The principal sterol of animal cells is ergosterol.

17. An example of a glycerophospholipid that is involved in cell signaling is:(A) arachidonic acid. (B) ceramide. (C) testosterone. (D) phosphatidylinositol. (E) vitamin A (retinol).

18.The inner membrane of mitochondria is about 75% lipid and 25% protein by weight. How many molecules of membrane lipid are there for each molecule of protein? (Assume that the average protein is Mr 50,000 and the average lipid is 750.)  (A) 10 (B) 100 (C) 150(D) 200(E) 1000

19. Which ofthe following is the source of the two carbon fragments in fatty acids biosynthesis?(A) acetyl CoA (B) malonyl CoA (C) palmitic acid (D) propionyl CoA (E) ceramides

20 Glutamine synthetase converts to whereas glutamate synthase converts to(A)formate; glutamine; ammonia; glutamate(B)glutamate; glutamine; a-ketoglutarate; glutamate(C)asparagine; glutamine; a-ketoglutarate; glutamate(D)a-ketoglutarate; glutamine; oxaloacetic acid; glutamate(E) a-ketoglutarate; glutamine; a-ketoglutarate; glutamate

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