12. The side chain of which amino acid contains a guanidinium group?
(A) Histidine
(B) Glutamate
(C) Arginine
(D) Lysine
(E) Cysteine

13. What is the main interaction stabilizing alpha-helices in proteins? (A) Covalent bonds (B) Hydrophobic effects (C) Ionic interactions (D) Van der Waals forces (E) Hydrogen bonds

14. The amino acid whose derivative is used in the urea cycle is: (A) Aspartate (B) Glutamate (C) Cysteine (D) Arginine (E) Serine

15. Which lipid derivative is a precursor to prostaglandins? (A) Phosphatidylcholine (B) Carotenoids (C) Sphingomyelin (D) Arachidonic acid (E) Cholesterol 頁 4

16. Which enzyme catalyzes the conversion of glucose-1-phosphate to UDP-glucose? (A) Hexokinase (B) Glycogen synthase (C) Glucokinase (D) UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (E) Phosphoglucomutase

17. Which test specifically detects starch in biological samples? (A) Tollen's test (B) Sudan III test (C) Iodine test (D) Benedict's test (E) Biuret test

18. What distinguishes lipids from carbohydrates in terms of energy density? (A) Lipids are less soluble in water (B) Lipids have higher oxidation potential (C) Lipids store energy more efficiently (D) Carbohydrates are more compact (E) Lipids store less energy per unit

19. What is the significance of the glycosidic bond in carbohydrate polymers? (A) Links monosaccharides in polysaccharides (B) Determines polymer solubility (C) Creates free aldehyde groups (D) Facilitates DNA synthesis (E) Prevents water absorption

20. Why are triglycerides considered a better energy storage form than carbohydrates? (A) They are hydrophilic (B) They store more energy per gram (C) They are water-soluble (D) They enhance oxygen utilization (E) They are rapidly metabolized

21. Acetyl-CoA plays a crucial role in the cellular metabolism. Which of the following best describes the primary function of acetyl-CoA? (A) To directly participate in the electron transport chain as an electron carrier. (B) To serve as a precursor for the synthesis of fatty acids, ketone bodies, and cholesterol. (C) To act as a structural component of the mitochondrial inner membrane. (D) To regulate gene expression by binding to specific DNA sequences. (E) To catalyze the hydrolysis of ATP for energy production.

22. Within the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle), what is the direct role of acetyl-CoA? (A) It acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain. (B) It directly catalyzes ATP formation via substrate-level phosphorylation. (C) It serves as the initial substrate that combines with oxaloacetate to initiate the citric acid cycle. (D) It regulates the activity of key enzymes within the citric acid cycle through allosteric modulation. (E) It transports protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane to generate the proton motive force.

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