14. The coenzyme required for all transaminations is derived from:
(A) niacin.
(B) pyridoxine (vitamin B₆).
(C) riboflavin.
(D) thiamine.
(E) vitamin .

15. During oxidative phosphorylation, the proton motive force that is generated by electron transport is used to: (A) create a pore in the inner mitochondrial membrane. (B) generate the substrates (ADP and Pi) for the ATP synthase. (C) induce a conformational change in the ATP synthase. (D) oxidize NADH to . (E) reduce O₂ to H₂O.

16. Cholesterol is synthesized from: (A) choline. (B) acetyl-CoA. (C) lipoic acid. (D) oxalate. (E) malate.

17. Which of these can be synthesized by plants but not by humans? (A) Phosphatidylcholine. (B) (C) Pyruvate. (D) Stearate (18:0). (E) Palmitate (16:0).

18. Transport of fatty acids from the cytoplasm to the mitochondrial matrix requires: (A) ATP, coenzyme A, and hexokinase. (B) ATP, coenzyme A, and pyruvate dehydrogenase. (C) carnitine, coenzyme A, and hexokinase. (D) ATP, carnitine, and coenzyme A. (E) ATP, carnitine, and pyruvate dehydrogenase.

19. What is the correct order of function of the following enzymes for β oxidation? 1. β-Hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase; 2. Thiolase; 3. Enoyl-CoA hydratase; 4. Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (A) 1, 2, 3, 4. (B) 4, 2, 3, 1. (C) 4, 1, 3, 2. (D) 4, 3, 1, 2. (E) 1, 4, 3, 2.

20. Which compound is an intermediate of the β oxidation of fatty acids? (A)(B) (C) CH3-CH2-CO-CH2-OH. (D) CH3-CH2-CO-CO-S-CoA. (E) CH3-CO-CH2-CO-S-CoA.

21. Posttranslational glycosylation of proteins is inhibited specifically by: (A) ampicillin. (B) cycloheximide. (C) tunicamycin. (D) puromycin. (E) streptomycin.

22. The PCR reaction mixture does not include: (A) DNA containing the sequence to be amplified. (B) heat-stable DNA polymerase. (C) DNA ligase. (D) oligonucleotide primer(s). (E) all four deoxynucleoside triphosphates.

23. In DNA sequencing by the Sanger (dideoxy) method: (A) the role of the dideoxy CTP is to occasionally terminate enzymatic synthesis of DNA where Gs occur in the template strands. (B) radioactive dideoxy ATP is included in each of four reaction mixtures. (C) radioactive labeling is not required. (D) restriction enzymes are used to cut the newly synthesized DNA into small pieces. (E) the template DNA strand is radioactive.

1. Calculate the pI for the peptide which has the amino acid sequence "CRYDENTH". Use the following table as reference and assume the pKa of each residue as that of the corresponding free amino acid. The pI of the peptide is: (A) 5.125. (B) 9.125. (C) 9.24. (D) 3.95. (E) 8.035.

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