21. What kind of chemical bond is found between paired bases of the DNA double helix?
(A) hydrogen
(B) ionic
(C) covalent
(D) sulfhydryl

22. What is the function of DNA polymerase III? (A) to unwind the DNA helix during replication (B) to seal together the broken ends of DNA strands (C) to add nucleotides to the end of a growing DNA strand (D) to degrade damaged DNA molecules

23. Using RNA as a template for protein synthesis instead of translating proteins directly from the DNA is advantageous for the cell because (A) RNA is much more stable than DNA (B) RNA acts as an expendable copy of the genetic material (C) only one mRNA molecule can be transcribed from a single gene, lowering the potential rate of gene expression (D) tRNA, rRNA and others are not transcribed

24. In eukaryotes there are several different types of RNA polymerase. Which type is involved in transcription of mRNA for a globin protein? (A) ligase (B) RNA polymerase I (C) RNA polymerase II (D) RNA polymerase III

25. Muscle cells and nerve cells in one species of animal owe their differences in structure to (A) having different genes (B) having different chromosomes (C) using different genetic codes (D) having different genes expressed

26. If you were to observe the activity of methylated DNA, you would expect it to (A) be replicating nearly continuously (B) be unwinding in preparation for protein synthesis (C) have turned off or slowed down the process of transcription (D) be very actively transcribed and translated

27. What is bioinformatics? (A) a technique using 3D images of genes in order to predict how and when they will be expressed (B) a method that uses very large national and international databases to access and work with sequence information (C) a software program available from NIH to design genes (D) a series of search programs that allow a student to identify who in the world is trying to sequence a given species

28. What is proteomics? (A) the linkage of each gene to a particular protein (B) the study of the full protein set encoded by a genome (C) the totality of the functional possibilities of a single protein (D) the study of how amino acids are ordered in a protein

29. Ichthyosaurs were aquatic dinosaurs. Fossils show us that they had dorsal fins and tails, as do fish, even though their closest relatives were terrestrial reptiles that had neither dorsal fins nor aquatic tails. The dorsal fins and tails of ichthyosaurs and fish are (A) homologous (B) examples of convergent evolution (C) adaptations to a common environment (D) B and C only

30. Which of these is the smallest unit upon which natural selection directly acts? (A) a species' gene frequency (B) a population's gene frequency (C) an individual's genome (D) an individual's phenotype

31. Theoretically, the production of sterile mules by interbreeding between female horses and male donkeys should (A) result in the extinction of one of the two parental species (B) cause convergent evolution (C) strengthen postzygotic barriers between horses and donkeys (D) weaken the intrinsic reproductive barriers between horses and donkeys

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