31.The human b-globin gene has two alleles, H^S and H^A, individuals that are homozygous for H^S have sickle-cell anemia and a lower fitness. Individuals that are heterozygotes (H^SH^A)do not show sickle-cell symptoms and have a resistance to malaria. Individuals that are homozygous for H^A have the highest fitness but are susceptible to malaria. In areas where malaria is prevalent the H^S allele is maintained in the population. Which type of selection is occurring with the b-globin gene?
(A) stabilizing
(B) directional
(C) disruptive
(D) balanced

32. You are currently studying the behavior and physiology of a vertebrate about which little is known. Based on what you know about other vertebrates, what would you predict would be the state of this animal when it was not in the fight or flight state. (A) Energy stores such as adipose tissue and glycogen are broken down to mobilize fatty acids and glucose. (B) The heart rate increases and airways are dilated to promote maximum oxygen intake. (C) Elevations in cortisol are needed to increase glucose. (D) Leptin levels are increased to enhance appetite.

33. Which hormones counteract each other in regulating calcium homeostasis? (A) antidiuretic hormone and aldosterone (B) atrial natriuretic peptide and aldosterone (C) parathyroid hormone and vitamin D (1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D) (D) antidiuretic hormone and parathyroid hormone

34. Most allergy medicines contain antihistamines that block the actions of histamine. These drugs reduce cold symptoms by directly (A) lysing virus-infected cells and preventing further propagation of the pathogen. (B) stimulating components of the immune system through the release of cytokines. (C) blocking or reducing the inflammation response in mucous membranes. (D) stimulating the production of specific antibodies.

35. In mammalian defenses against invading pathogens, all of these are considered nonspecific defense mechanisms EXCEPT (A) acquired immunity. (B) the skin. (C) mucous membranes. (D) the inflammatory response.

36. Most innate immune responses rely on (A) recognition of specific antigens. (B) pathogens being engulfed and destroyed. (C) plasma cells to secrete antibodies. (D) IgM antibodies.

37. A green plant is first grown in blue light and then in green light. The likely outcome for photosynthesis in both phases is (A) Increased plant growth in blue light and no plant growth in green light. (B) No plant growth in blue light and increased plant growth in green light. (C) Decreased plant growth in blue light and no plant growth in green light. (D) No plant growth in blue light and decreased plant growth in green light.

38. Endosperm is (A) sperm after it has entered the archegonium. (B) nutritive tissue produced within antheridia. (C) sperm cells enclosed within pollen grains. (D) tissue stored in seeds that provides nutrition for embryos.

39. The apprentice in your horticulture lab accidentally trims all of the axillary buds from a particularly prized specimen. After realizing his mistake, he rather glumly asks you, as lead horticulturalist, about the effects on the plant. You predict that (A) the plant will die rapidly from this loss. (B) the plant will regrow the lost buds. (C) the plant will continue its vertical growth and will be a tall and skinny variety. (D) the plant will continue its horizontal spread and will be a wide but short variety.

40. Plant roots that are in a horizontal position grow down because (A) cells on the upper side elongate more than those on the lower side. (B) auxins are stimulating cells on the lower side to elongate more. (C) auxins are being pulled to the upper side. (D) auxins are having no influence on this process.

41. Based on the fact that CO2 limits photosynthesis in some current environments, what might you conclude about the evolution of photosynthesis? (A) Photosynthesis evolved when environmental concentrations of CO2 were low. (B) Photosynthesis evolved when environmental concentrations of CO2 were high. (C) CO2 levels likely did not have a bearing on the evolution of photosynthesis. (D) Photosynthesis evolved in a greenhouse.

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