38.
(A) despite of
(B) in spite of
(C) in despite of
(D) in spite

39. (A) hence (B) although (C) due to (D) as

40. (A) shiver (B) shrink (C) shun (D) shed 

41. Which statement best captures the author's overall position on UPFs? (A) UPF consumption has definitively been shown to cause multiple chronic diseases. (B) UPF consumption is widespread and economically important, making regulation unrealistic. (C) While causation has not been proven, the accumulating evidence and expert opinion justify efforts to reduce UPF consumption. (D) The responsibility for reducing UPF consumption lies with individual consumer choice.

42. How do the quotations from Spector and Chang function together in the passage? (A) They present competing scientific explanations for the rise of obesity. (B) They connect physiological effects of UPF with the way such foods are engineered and marketed. (C) They contrast academic research with public health policy concerns. (D) They shift the focus of the passage from health outcomes to economic interests.

43. Based on the final two paragraphs, which of the following can most reasonably be inferred about proposed solutions to the UPF problem in the UK? (A) Experts believe that voluntary changes by consumers will be sufficient. (B) There is growing support for industrylevel accountability enforced through government action. (C) Investors oppose government regulation due to economic risks. (D) The food industry has already implemented comprehensive health reforms.

44. Why does the author include detailed figures about the size and employment impact of the British food and beverage industry? (A) To argue that economic growth should take priority over public health concerns (B) To explain why the food industry resists changes to its production practices (C) To demonstrate that the food industry is more influential than the government (D) To highlight the structural and political challenges involved in reforming the food system

45. What problem does the passage primarily highlight regarding Japan's parliament building? (A) The building is too old to accommodate modern facilities. (B) The number of women elected has exceeded legal limits. (C) Women's growing political representation is not matched by adequate facilities. (D) Male lawmakers receive preferential treatment in committee assignments.

46. In the final paragraph, the phrase "the dearth of women's restrooms" most nearly means _____. (A) the gradual improvement of women's restrooms (B) the uneven distribution of women's restrooms (C) the temporary closure of women's restrooms (D) the severe lack of women's restrooms

47. Which of the following can most reasonably be inferred from the passage about government commitments to gender equality? (A) Symbolic commitments to gender equality have not always been followed by concrete action. (B) Public infrastructure reforms have progressed faster than political reforms. (C) Official targets for women's representation have been met ahead of schedule. (D) Increased female representation has eliminated practical barriers for women in politics. 

48. What is the primary purpose of the proposed amendments to the Assisted Reproduction Act? (A) To remove government oversight of assisted reproductive services. (B) To expand legal access to assisted reproductive services while strengthening regulation. (C) To prioritize children's rights over women's reproductive autonomy. (D) To limit assisted reproductive services to married heterosexual couples.

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