45. During the menstrual cycle, what is the main source of progesterone in females?
(A) growing follicle
(B) mature follicle
(C) corpus luteum
(D)uterus
(E) placenta 

46. Which of the following statements about succession is correct? (A) Secondary succession can occur where a disturbance has left soil intact.  (B) Primary succession occurs in areas where soil remains after a disturbance. (C) Secondary succession occurs where no soil exists. (D) Through successional dynamics，all communities will eventually reach a status of equilibrium.  (E) Some cases of succession involve facilitation, a phenomenon in which local species inhibit the growth of newcomers. 

47. In peas, a gene controls flower color such that R = purple and r = white. In an isolated pea patch, there are 64 purple flowers | and 36 white flowers. Assuming Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what proportion of the population is probably heterozygous for this trait?  (A)48 (B) 0.60 (C) 0.24 (D)0.16 (E) 0.80

48. As a biologist, it is your job to look for plants that have evolved structures with a selective advantage in dry，hot conditions. Which of the following adaptations would be least likely to meet your objective? (A) CAM plants that grow rapidly (B) large, fleshy stems with the ability to carry out photosynthesis (C) a thick cuticle on fleshy leaves (D) small, thick leaves with stomata on the lower surface (E) plants that do not produce abscisic acid and have a thick, short root

49. Which of the following statements about energy flow is incorrect?  (A) Only net primary productivity is available to consumers. (B) Only about one-thousandth of the chemical energy fixed by photosynthesis reaches a tertiary-level consumer. (C) Secondary productivity declines with each trophic level. (D) About 90% of the energy at one trophic level does not appear at the next. (E) Eating meat is probably the most economical way of acquiring the energy of photosynthetic productivity.

50. In excess, cortisol has aldosterone-like effects in the kidney causing salt and water retention. This is because the capacity of 11-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 enzyme that converts active cortisol to inactive cortisone in the kidney tubule is destroyed. This may be a factor in the hypertension seen in patients with Cushing's syndrome. What is the mechanism regarding this outcome? (A) Cortisol is then available to interact with the cortisol receptor, which exist in the kidney. (B) Cortisol is then available to interact with the aldosterone receptor for which it has equal affinity. (C) Cortisol is then available to interact with the androgen receptor for which it has equal affinity. (D) Cortisol is then available to interact with the progestin receptor，which exist in the kidney. (E) none of them.

51. When an organism dies, its muscles remain in a contracted state termed "rigor mortis" for a brief period of time. Which of the following most directly contributes to this phenomenon? There is no (A) glycogen remaining in the muscles. (B) ATP to move cross-bridges. (C) ATP to break bonds between the thick and thin filaments. (D) oxygen supplied to muscle. (E) calcium to bind to troponin.

52. What kind of data should probably have the greatest impact on animal taxonomy in the coming decades? (A) comparative morphology of living species (B) fossil evidence (C) the number and size of chromosomes within nuclei (D) similarities in metabolic pathways (E) nucleotide sequences of homologous genes

53. Which is not characteristic of all mammals? (A) having glands to produce nourishing milk for offspring (B) giving birth to live young (viviparous) (C) a four-chambered heart that prevents mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood (D) having a diaphragm to assist in ventilating the lungs (E) having hair during at least some period of life

54. Which kind of metabolic poison would most directly interfere with glycolysis? (A) an agent that reacts with oxygen and depletes its concentration in the cell (B) an agent that reacts with NADH and oxidizes it to NAD+ (C) an agent that inhibits the formation of acetyl coenzyme A (D) an agent that closely mimics the structure of glucose but is not metabolized (E) an agent that binds to pyruvate and inactivates it

55. A major function of the mitochondrial inner membrane is the conversion of energy from electrons to the stored energy of the phosphate bond in ATP. To accomplish this function, membrane must have all of the following features except (A) the electron transport chain of proteins. (B) proteins to accept electrons from NADH. (C) high permeability to protons. .(D) integral, transverse ATP synthase. (E) proton pumps embedded in the membrane.

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