6. Which molecule(s) can cross the inner mitochondrial membrane?
(A) ATP
(B) NADH
(C) NADPH
(D) Acetyl-CoA
(E) All of the above.

7. Which mechanism is not part of the reason why a bond is in the status of "high energy"? (A) Electrostatic repulsion is relieved upon cleavage. (B) Products of its cleavage are unstable and tautomerizing to a more stable form. (C) The bond is very stable and requires large energy to cleave it. (D) The bond is strained. (E) Products of its cleavage are more resonance stabilized.

8. Which enzyme has its activity negatively regulated by glucagon? (A) Hexokinase (B) 6-phsophfructo-2-kinase (C) Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (D) Adenylyl cyclase (E) Aconitase

9. Glucose-6-phosphatase is required for the production of blood glucose from: (A) Fructose (B) Liver glycogen (C) Lactose (D) Alanine (E) All of the above.

10. The first step in fructose metabolism in the liver is: (A) Cleavage by aldolase (B) Isomerization to glucose (C) Phosphorylation to fructose-1-phosphate (D) Phosphorylation to fructose-6-phosphate (E) Phosphorylation to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

11. Enzymes usually display highest affinity toward (A) substrate (B) substrate analog (C) reaction intermediate (D) product (E) transition state analog

12. The of an enzyme are 1 mM and 10000 , respectively. Based on this information, please calculate the "rate constant" of this enzymatic reaction at very low substrate concentration ([S] ＜＜ )? (A) 10000 ) (B) 10000 (C) 10000 (D) 0.00001 (sec mM) (E) 0.00001

13. Which of the statements regarding enzymes is NOT correct? (A) Enzymes are stereospecific in the reactions they catalyze. (B) Some enzymes are made of RNA. (C) Enzymes reduce activation energy to accelerate chemical reactions. (D) Most allosteric enzymes are monomeric. (E) Mutation of active site residues usually reduces catalytic activity of an enzyme.

14. Which of the following factors may modulate enzyme activity by causing enzyme conformational change: 1. pH 2. temperature  3. allosteric effectors 4. substrate concentration (A) 1,2 (B) 1,3 (C) 1, 2, 3 (D) 2, 3, 4 (E) 1, 2, 3, 4

15. The production of recombinant DNA (DNA cloning) involves the following 4 steps. Step 1: Preparation of fragments of foreign DNA. Step 2: Insertion of foreign DNA fragment into a cloning plasmid. Step 3: Introduction of recombinant DNA into a recipient cell for replication. Step4: Selection of cells containing the correct recombinant DNA. Among them, step   （Ａ）   involves PCR reaction and step   （B）   usually requires the use of antibiotics.   （Ａ） and  （B）  correspond to (A) 1 and 3 (B)2 and 4 (C) 1 and 4 (D) 2 and 3 (E) 3 and 4

16. Which of the following is responsible for the principal regulatory step in the biosynthesis of cholesterol? (A) HMG-CoA lyase (B) HMG-CoA reductase (C) Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (D)Cholesterol 7a-hydroxylase (E)Acyl-CoA-cholesterol acyltransferase

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