65. What is peristalsis?
(A) a process of fat emulsification in the small intestine
(B) voluntary control of the rectal sphincters regulating defecation
(C) the transport of nutrients to the liver through the hepatic portal vein
(D) smooth muscle contractions that move food through the alimentary canal

66. Cats cannot synthesize the amino acid taurine. This means that in cats, taurine (A) is not a required nutrient. (B) is an essential amino acid. (C) must be stored in cellular compartments. (D) is not present in their normal diet.

67. "Gluconeogenesis" is the process in which (A) glucose levels are increased in the blood through the breakdown of carbohydrates. (B) glucose levels are decreased in the blood through the breakdown of carbohydrates. (C) glucose levels are increased in the blood by synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources. (D) glucose levels are decreased in the blood by synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources.

68. The energy expenditure of a mammal at rest, in the postabsorptive state, and at a standard temperature is referred to as its (A) basal metabolic rate. (B) standardized metabolic rate. (C) baseline metabolic rate. (D) activated metabolic rate.

69. The main DISADVANTAGE of excessive gluconeogenesis during prolonged postabsorptive periods is that (A) continued protein breakdown can impair enzymatic activity and plasma membrane functions. (B) carbohydrate buildup in the liver impairs its function. (C) the brain is exposed to levels of glucose that are too high. (D) tissues other than the brain increase glucose utilization.

70. Which of the following hormones stimulates uterine contractions during the birth process in mammals? (A) oxytocin (B) testosterone (C) FHS (D) chorionic gonadotropin

71. In female mammals, germ cells (A) are not produced until puberty. (B) are arrested in meiosis I until puberty. (C) develop into fully mature gametes before birth. (D) arrested in meiosis II until puberty.

72. Which of the choices lists the three phases of the ovarian cycle in the correct order? (A) follicular; luteal; ovulation (B) follicular; proliferative; secretory (C) luteal; ovulation; secretory (D) follicular; ovulation; luteal

73. Many small creatures that live in temporary puddles can reproduce asexually at least occasionally. Why might this be a useful strategy for a puddle-dweller? (A) Puddles are very stable environments, so well adapted creatures should maintain their genes without mixing. (B) A single individual can quickly populate a transient environment. (C) Using asexual reproduction increases genetic variety and thus adaptability. (D) In asexual reproduction, the mother can choose the best of each chromosome to make the ideal haploid individual.

74. A mutation in mice leads to overgrowth of the Sertoli cells, so they span across the diameter of the seminiferous tubules. What phenotype would you expect to see? (A) infertility due to lack of mature oocytes (B) overproduction of sperm, so they clog the bulbourethral gland (C) overproduction of testosterone (D) infertility due to lack of mature sperm entering the epididymis

75. A scientist is studying several areas along an elevation gradient. Her study involves prescribed burns (purposefully set, low-intensity fires) in the different areas, followed by a comparison of the type and abundance of organisms that colonize them over the next ten years. What scale best describes her study? (A) Physiological ecology (B) Ecosystem ecology (C) Organismal ecology (D) Community ecology

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