8. Which of the following is a palindromic sequence?
(A) AGGTCC
(B) CCTTCC
(C) GAATCC
(D) GTATCC
(E) GGATCC TCCAGG GCAAGG CTTAGG CATAGG CCTAGG

9. In the laboratory, recombinant plasmids are commonly introduced into bacterial cells by: (A) electrophoresis – a gentle low-voltage gradient draws the DNA into the cell. (B) infection with a bacteriophage that carries the plasmid. (C) microinjection. (D) mixing plasmids with an extract of broken cells. (E) transformation – heat shock of the cells incubated with plasmid DNA in the presence of CaCl2.

10. The PCR reaction mixture does not include: (A) all four deoxynucleoside triphosphates. (B) DNA containing the sequence to be amplified. (C) DNA ligase. (D) heat-stable DNA polymerase. (E) oligonucleotide primer(s).

11. Sphingosine is not a component of: (A) sphingomyelin. (B) ceramide. (C) cerebrosides. (D) gangliosides. (E) cardiolipin.

12. An example of a glycerophospholipid that is involved in cell signaling is: (A) arachidonic acid. (B) ceramide. (C) Testosterone. (D) Phosphatidylinositol. (E) vitamin A (retinol).

13. The inner (plasma) membrane of E. coli is about 75% lipid and 25% protein by weight. How many molecules of membrane lipid are there for each molecule of protein? (Assume that the average protein is Mr 50,000 and the average lipid is 750.) (A) 50 (B) 100 (C) 200 (D) 10,000 (E) 50,000

14. Protein kinase A (PKA) is: (A) activated by covalent binding of cyclic AMP. (B) affected by cyclic AMP only under unusual circumstances. (C) competitively inhibited by cyclic AMP. (D) allosterically activated by cyclic AMP. (E) noncompetitively inhibited by cyclic AMP.

15. The oxidation of 3 mol of glucose by the pentose phosphate pathway may result in the production of: (A) 2 mol of pentose, 4 mol of NADPH, and 8 mol of CO2. (B) 3 mol of pentose, 4 mol of NADPH, and 3 mol of CO2. (C) 3 mol of pentose, 6 mol of NADPH, and 3 mol of CO2. (D) 4 mol of pentose, 3 mol of NADPH, and 3 mol of CO2. (E) 4 mol of pentose, 6 mol of NADPH, and 6 mol of CO2.

16. In a tissue that metabolizes glucose via the pentose phosphate pathway, C-1 of glucose would be expected to end up principally in: (A) carbon dioxide. (B) glycogen. (C) phosphoglycerate. (D) pyruvate. (E) ribulose 5-phosphate.

17. The reaction of the citric acid cycle that is most similar to the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex-catalyzed conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA is the conversion of: (A) citrate to isocitrate. (B) fumarate to malate. (C) malate to oxaloacetate. (D) succinyl-CoA to succinate. (E) -ketoglutarate to succinyl-CoA.

18. Which of the following statements apply (applies) to the oxidation of fatty acids? 1. The process takes place in the cytosol of mammalian cells.2. Carbon atoms are removed from the acyl chain one at a time.3. Before oxidation, fatty acids must be converted to their CoA derivatives.4. NADP+ is the electron acceptor.5. The products of oxidation can directly enter the citric acid cycle for further oxidation. (A) 1 and 3 only (B) 1, 2, and 3 (C) 1, 2, and 5 (D) 3 and 5 only (E) 4 only

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