9. 請輔以圖示，寫出圖(十三)現象的名稱、說明其形成過程及其對人類活動造成的影響。(3 分)

2. Design a lesson plan for two 50-minute sessions based on the following passages. Your lesson plan should demonstrate cross-field integration, meaning it must combine English language teaching with at least one other academic subject area (e.g., science, social studies, art, math, etc.). Please include the following elements in your lesson plan: target learners, objectives, materials and resources, teaching activities, and assessment. Passage 1 The Wantok system is the social glue that binds the nation of Papua New Guinea together. An understanding of how it works is an essential ingredient in better understanding the people of PNG, their culture and how it all works! Simply stated, in a country where there is no safety net the Wantok system is the effective substitute. There are many positives to it, but there are some significant negatives too. And, in so many ways, Wantokism has become the single largest impediment to the country’s development. Think of Papua New Guinea as a patchwork quilt. One that is sewn together from almost 1000 traditional societies and ethnic indigenous groups. Woven in to that quilt are some 850 different languages, which is one third of the world’s total languages still in use… There is also one common tongue – Tok Pisin, the lingua franca spoken by the majority in PNG. In Tok Pisin, wantok means “one talk” – meaning the language of the tribe or clan that a person belongs to.The Wantok system and Wantokism is the traditional welfare system that evolved around that tribe. In a tribal-based society everything revolves around the relative welfare of the tribe and clan members as a whole. Therefore, face-to-face relationships, inter-marriage, kinship and reciprocal exchange are paramount in creating strong ties to keep the tribe together. In a tribal-based society everything revolves around the relative welfare of the tribe and clan members as a whole. Therefore, face-to-face relationships, inter-marriage, kinship and reciprocal exchange are paramount in creating strong ties to keep the tribe together. Passage 2 PNG’s wantok system provides its citizens with many benefits. For a start, it offers social protection when the state fails to supply basic social services. For example, a wantok – an individual who is a member of a specific wantok network – may call on a public official within the same network to use the office car to transport a sick relative to hospital. While the types of requests from wantoks to public servants vary, they are frequent, and refusal can fracture social ties. Insofar as the wantok system is essential for ensuring that PNG citizens have access to critical resources and support, some question whether accusations of corruption associated with this system are always appropriate. This is not to say that the wantok system should replace official mechanisms for distribution and use of public goods, but it is widely recognized that without it, life would be worse for many of PNG’s citizens. Despite the benefits the wantok system provides, some scholars and practitioners are concerned that it is incompatible with notions of good governance. The reciprocity demanded by wantoks can mean a recurring dynamic of unofficial favors, where public resources are distributed unfairly and informally to the benefit of exclusive groups. So, the same official car that transports the sick relative to hospital may end up also ferrying around wantoks to parties and sporting events. This is a fairly innocuous example of how the wantok system can lead to abuses of public goods; more egregious incidents also take place.

9. 請輔以圖示，寫出圖(十三)現象的名稱、說明其形成過程及其對人類活動造成的影響。(3 分)

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