11. What happens next after the hormone glucagon binds to a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR)?
(A) The G-protein loses GDP and gains GTP becoming activated.
(B) The G-protein loses GTP and gains GDP becoming activated.
(C) The G-protein loses GDP and gains GTP becoming inactivated.
(D) The G-protein loses GTP and gains GDP becoming inactivated.

12. Epinephrine blocks the contraction of muscles in the airways. Which of the other activities of epinephrine is most likely to be regulated by the same type of pathway? (A) promotes the breakdown of glycogen in skeletal muscle cells (B) inhibition of saliva production in salivary glands (C) stimulation of heart muscle cell contraction (D) increased sweating

13. In a developing human embryo, the hands and feet resemble mittens, with cells and tissues present between the fingers and toes. When a baby is born, these cells are not present, resulting in distinct fingers and toes. In the development of fingers and toes these cells were lost by (A) cell division. (B) cell connections. (C) cell morphology. (D) apoptosis.

14. The major macromolecules of the ECM are (A) polysaccharides and proteins. (B) polysaccharides and fat. (C) fat and proteins. (D) fat and nucleotides.

15. Why is there a need to produce Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand, but not on the leading strand of DNA? (A) The two parental strands of DNA are antiparallel and DNA polymerase makes DNA in the 5′ to 3′ direction only. (B) It is substantially more efficient to make several shorter strands rather than one longer strand of DNA. (C) There is not enough cellular DNA ligase for bonding Okazaki fragments together if they were produced from both parental strands. (D) By having one leading strand and one lagging strand the cell can limit the amount of DNA polymerase used for chromosomal replication.

16. Which of the following statements best describes DNA polymerase? (A) It is an enzyme required to produce a primer needed for DNA replication. (B) It is an enzyme that catalyzes the addition of nucleotides to the 5′ end of a growing DNA strand. (C) It is an enzyme that catalyzes the addition of nucleotides to the 3′ end of a growing DNA strand. (D) It is an enzyme required to glue pieces of DNA fragments together.

17. Wild type bread mold can grow in a minimal medium without supplements, while certain mutated strains can only grow in a minimal medium that is supplemented with specific intermediates. See the figure below for an overview of the arginine biosynthetic pathway. A strain that can grow in a minimal medium containing arginine, but NOT in minimal media containing citrulline nor in minimal media containing ornithine would have a mutation in the gene that encodes for ________. Precursor $\xrightarrow{\text{Enzyme 1}}$ Ornithine $\xrightarrow{\text{Enzyme 2}}$ Citrulline $\xrightarrow{\text{Enzyme 3}}$ Arginine(A) enzyme 1. (B) enzyme 2. (C) enzyme 3. (D) both enzymes 1 and 3.

18. Which sequence of events CORRECTLY describes the initiation and elongation steps of translation in prokaryotic cells? (1) initiator tRNA binds start codon on mRNA(2) small ribosomal subunit binds to mRNA (3) large ribosomal subunit binds(4) tRNA entry and peptidyl transfer reaction (5) translocation of ribosome and release of tRNA (A) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 (B) 1, 2, 3, 5, 4 (C) 1, 3, 2, 4, 5 (D) 2, 1, 3, 4, 5

19. What is the first step in the production of a siRNA? (A) infection with a virus (B) transcription from a nuclear gene (C) design of an experimental treatment (D) cleavage to form a short double-stranded RNA

20. The RNA sequences of some introns found in bacteria, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and some nuclear genes fold into 3-D structures that catalyze the removal of the introns. Therefore, the intron functions as a (A) ribozyme. (B) enzyme. (C) spliceosome. (D) guide.

21. In E. coli cells, when lactose is absent from the environment, (A) large amounts of b-galactosidase, lactose permease, and galactosidetransacetylase are made. (B) trace amounts of b-galactosidase, lactose permease, and galactosidetransacetylase are made. (C) no b-galactosidase, lactose permease, andgalactosidetransacetylas are made. (D) the lac operon is induced.

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