16. Which of the following statements best describes DNA polymerase?
(A) It is an enzyme required to produce a primer needed for DNA replication.
(B) It is an enzyme that catalyzes the addition of nucleotides to the 5′ end of a growing DNA strand.
(C) It is an enzyme that catalyzes the addition of nucleotides to the 3′ end of a growing DNA strand.
(D) It is an enzyme required to glue pieces of DNA fragments together.

17. Which of the following statements best describes DNA polymerase? (A) It is an enzyme required to produce a primer needed for DNA replication. (B) It is an enzyme that catalyzes the addition of nucleotides to the 5′ end of a growing DNA strand. (C)It is an enzyme that catalyzes the addition of nucleotides to the 3′ end of a growing DNA strand. (D) It is an enzyme required to glue pieces of DNA fragments together. (E) It is an enzyme that polymerizes the DNA and keeps the replication fork open.

17. Which of the following statements best describes DNA polymerase? (A)It is an enzyme required to produce a primer needed for DNA replication. (B) It is an enzyme that catalyzes the addition of nucleotides to the 5′ end of a growing DNA strand. (C) It is an enzyme that catalyzes the addition of nucleotides to the 3′ end of a growing DNA strand. (D) It is an enzyme required to glue pieces of DNA fragments together. (E) It is an enzyme that polymerizes the DNA and keeps the replication fork open.

17. Wild type bread mold can grow in a minimal medium without supplements, while certain mutated strains can only grow in a minimal medium that is supplemented with specific intermediates. See the figure below for an overview of the arginine biosynthetic pathway. A strain that can grow in a minimal medium containing arginine, but NOT in minimal media containing citrulline nor in minimal media containing ornithine would have a mutation in the gene that encodes for ________. Precursor $\xrightarrow{\text{Enzyme 1}}$ Ornithine $\xrightarrow{\text{Enzyme 2}}$ Citrulline $\xrightarrow{\text{Enzyme 3}}$ Arginine(A) enzyme 1. (B) enzyme 2. (C) enzyme 3. (D) both enzymes 1 and 3.

18. Which sequence of events CORRECTLY describes the initiation and elongation steps of translation in prokaryotic cells? (1) initiator tRNA binds start codon on mRNA(2) small ribosomal subunit binds to mRNA (3) large ribosomal subunit binds(4) tRNA entry and peptidyl transfer reaction (5) translocation of ribosome and release of tRNA (A) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 (B) 1, 2, 3, 5, 4 (C) 1, 3, 2, 4, 5 (D) 2, 1, 3, 4, 5

19. What is the first step in the production of a siRNA? (A) infection with a virus (B) transcription from a nuclear gene (C) design of an experimental treatment (D) cleavage to form a short double-stranded RNA

20. The RNA sequences of some introns found in bacteria, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and some nuclear genes fold into 3-D structures that catalyze the removal of the introns. Therefore, the intron functions as a (A) ribozyme. (B) enzyme. (C) spliceosome. (D) guide.

21. In E. coli cells, when lactose is absent from the environment, (A) large amounts of b-galactosidase, lactose permease, and galactosidetransacetylase are made. (B) trace amounts of b-galactosidase, lactose permease, and galactosidetransacetylase are made. (C) no b-galactosidase, lactose permease, andgalactosidetransacetylas are made. (D) the lac operon is induced.

22. What happens when the cAMP-CAP complex binds the CAP site near the lac promoter? (A) Transcription rate decreases. (B) Transcription rate increases. (C) RNA polymerase binds to the promoter. (D) RNA polymerase binds to the promoter and transcription rate increases.

23. Sickle-cell anemia is a human disease that occurs as a result of what type of mutation in the b-globin gene? (A) silent (B) missense (C) nonsense (D) frameshift

24. MAPK and MEK are intracellular signaling proteins that mediate cell division induced by growth factors. When mutations in the normal MAPK and MEK genes result in an abnormally high level of MAPK and MEK activity and an increased rate of cell division, then the mutated gene is called a(n) (A) spliceosome. (B) transposon. (C) tumor-suppressor gene. (D) oncogene.

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