22. What happens when the cAMP-CAP complex binds the CAP site near the lac promoter?
(A) Transcription rate decreases.
(B) Transcription rate increases.
(C) RNA polymerase binds to the promoter.
(D) RNA polymerase binds to the promoter and transcription rate increases.

23. Sickle-cell anemia is a human disease that occurs as a result of what type of mutation in the b-globin gene? (A) silent (B) missense (C) nonsense (D) frameshift

24. MAPK and MEK are intracellular signaling proteins that mediate cell division induced by growth factors. When mutations in the normal MAPK and MEK genes result in an abnormally high level of MAPK and MEK activity and an increased rate of cell division, then the mutated gene is called a(n) (A) spliceosome. (B) transposon. (C) tumor-suppressor gene. (D) oncogene.

25. Colchicine is a toxin that binds to tubulin proteins and prevents microtubules from elongating. What effect might this have on dividing cells? (A) Cells will be able to complete mitosis, but cytokinesis will not occur. (B) Chromosomes will not be able to condense, so mitosis will not occur. (C) Sister chromatids will not be properly separated into separate daughter cells. (D) Replicated chromosomes will not be able to stick together, so sister chromatids will not properly sort into daughter nuclei.

26. A mutation occurs in a gene that encodes a G1 cyclin, such that the protein is unable to bind to its CDK. How will this affect the cell cycle? (A) The cell will be stuck in G1 and will not advance through the cell cycle. (B) The cell will replicate its DNA, but will be unable to progress through mitosis. (C) The cell will rapidly replicate its DNA and progress through mitosis, causing uncontrolled cell division, and leading to cancer. (D) The cell will proceed thru mitosis without replicating its DNA.

27. Imagine in lemmings, that gray fur color (G) is dominant over white (g). There is another gene, called color, and individuals must have at least one "C" allele for gray color to be expressed. You obtain a white lemming that is heterozygous for gray fur color. What is its genotype? (A) ggcc (B) GgCC (C) Ggcc (D) ggCc

28. In mice, the gene for insulin-like growth factor is imprinted. During embryonic development, only the paternal allele for insulin-like growth factor is expressed. This means (A) that the paternal allele is imprinted. (B) that the maternal allele is imprinted. (C) that the paternal allele is hyper-methylated. (D) that the paternal allele is mutated.

29. Future kidney cells and heart cells can differentiate into their respective specialized cell types because (A) they express a different set of genes during development. (B) they possess different genes. (C) they arise from different embryonic stem cells. (D) they express different genes and utilize different transcription factors during development.

30. If a plasmid lacks an origin of replication what will happen when it is transformed into bacteria? (A) As the bacteria divide they will lose the plasmid. (B) Bacteria containing the plasmid will not be able to grow in the presence of antibiotics. (C) There will not be regions to clone genes into the plasmid. (D) The plasmid will not be useful in producing a protein because it lacks an RNA polymerase binding site.

31.The human b-globin gene has two alleles, HS and HA, individuals that are homozygous for HS have sickle-cell anemia and a lower fitness. Individuals that are heterozygotes (HSHA)do not show sickle-cell symptoms and have a resistance to malaria. Individuals that are homozygous for HA have the highest fitness but are susceptible to malaria. In areas where malaria is prevalent the HS allele is maintained in the population. Which type of selection is occurring with the b-globin gene? (A) stabilizing (B) directional (C) disruptive (D) balanced

32. You are currently studying the behavior and physiology of a vertebrate about which little is known. Based on what you know about other vertebrates, what would you predict would be the state of this animal when it was not in the fight or flight state. (A) Energy stores such as adipose tissue and glycogen are broken down to mobilize fatty acids and glucose. (B) The heart rate increases and airways are dilated to promote maximum oxygen intake. (C) Elevations in cortisol are needed to increase glucose. (D) Leptin levels are increased to enhance appetite.

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