20. The government recently launched a program to reduce educational ______ between urban and rural areas.
(A) equality
(B) stability
(C) disparity
(D) prosperity

21. (A) lie not (B) lay not (C) lay not in (D) lie not in

22. (A) add (B) to add (C) added (D) adding

23. (A) What distinguished Shakespeare (B) What Shakespeare distinguished (C) Shakespeare distinguished what (D) What Shakespeare to distinguish

24. (A) relevant (B) to relevant (C) be relevant (D) relevant to

25. According to the passage, how has the conceptualization of memory changed in both literature and science? (A) It has now come to be viewed as an infallible recording of past events. (B) It has moved from a static retrieval model to a dynamic reconstructive process. (C) It is increasingly seen as a physiological burden rather than a cognitive asset. (D) It has been simplified through the use of technological metaphors like the videotape.

26. According to the passage, what is the author’s view on the relationship between memory and the self ? (A) A stable identity is considered impossible because memory is largely biological rather than narrative. (B) The self is viewed as a fixed entity that remains mostly unaffected by the fluctuations of memory. (C) Identity is a temporary construct maintained through the constant revision of past experiences. (D) Narrative techniques in literature have finally been able to provide a permanent structure for the self.

27. What does the author imply about the digital age in the passage? (A) Digital permanence directly opposes human erasure needs. (B) Digital archiving will replace human selective memory. (C) Indiscriminate storage best ensures human psychological coherence. (D) Misunderstood educational psychology calls cognitive overload a myth.

28. According to the passage, what can be inferred about the nature of memory? (A) New memories would completely erase and replace older ones, leaving the mind a blank slate. (B) Objective documentation of reality is achieved by human memory through a flawless, mechanical process. (C) Human memory is as fragile as ancient vellum and therefore demands continuous preservation. (D) Memory is a layered phenomenon where past and present experiences influence and obscure one another.

29. Why does the author describe the self as a provisional story rather than a granite monument? (A) To argue that literature is a more effective tool for preserving history than architectural artifacts. (B) To emphasize that personal identity is an evolving narrative rather than a fixed, unchanging entity. (C) To suggest that humans are naturally deceptive about their past experiences to maintain their sanity. (D) To highlight the psychological distress caused by the inability to accurately remember one’s past.

30. According to the passage, how does the author’s view of erasure challenge conventional wisdom? (A) By framing the loss of information as a sophisticated asset that facilitates the perception of meaning. (B) By claiming that forgetting is a sign of cognitive decline that can be mitigated through pattern recognition. (C) By suggesting that digital archives are superior to human memory because they prevent data loss. (D) By arguing that educational psychologists should focus more on rote memorization than on selective filtering.

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