8. Red tides in water bodies are caused by _____.
(A) bacteria
(B) cyanobacteria
(C) dinoflagellates
(D) green algae
(E) red algae

2. What is the sexual process in Paramecium? (A) conjugation (B) fission (C) budding (D) meiotic division (E) multiple division

9. In the bacterial CRISPR-Cas system, Cas protein interacts with _____ to target invading phage DNA. (A) CRISPR RNA (B) CRISPR DNA (C) CRISPR nuclease (D) CRISPR peptide (E) restriction enzyme

10. Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase used radioactive phosphorus to trace the DNA of T2 phage in infected bacterial cells in their experiment. They finally demonstrated that _____. (A) DNA replication is semiconservative (B) genetic material is DNA (C) DNA is a double helix (D) there is a replication fork during cell division (E) DNA is in the linear form

11. Sleeping pills like benzodiazepines mainly induce calmness and sedation by enhancing which neurotransmitter? (A) serotonin (B) glutamate (C) acetylcholine (D) dopamine (E) GABA

12. Which of the following molecules and ions does NOT act as secondary messenger in signaling pathways? (A) cAMP (B) receptor tyrosine kinase (C) inositol triphosphate (D) diacylglycerol (E) calcium

13. Non-flowering vascular plants include _____. ① angiosperms ② ferns ③ gymnosperms ④ liverworts ⑤ mosses (A) ②③④⑤ (B) ②③④ (C) ②③ (D) ②③⑤ (E) ④⑤

14. The characteristics or structures only found in angiosperms but NOT in gymnosperms include _____. ① double fertilization ② flower ③ vessel element ④ sieve tube ⑤ annual growth habit (A) ①②③④⑤ (B) ①②④⑤ (C) ①②③⑤ (D) ①②③④ (E) ②③④

15. In one of Mendel's experiments, he crossed pea plants that were true-breeding for violet flower color with plants true-breeding for white flower color. What was the phenotype ratio of flower color in the F2 generation? (A) 100% violet (B) 100% white (C) 75% violet and 25% white (D) 50% violet and 50% white (E) 25% violet and 75% white

16. The prosthetic group of mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase is _____. (A) FMN (B) FAD (C) NADH (D) NADPH (E) Heme

17. Which of the following statements is FALSE? (A) Two-dimensional electrophoresis separates proteins of different molecular weights and pIs. (B) Size exclusion chromatography separates proteins based on molecular weight. (C) SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis separates proteins based on their molecular weight. (D) Ion exchanger chromatography separates proteins based on their pIs. (E) The column matrix with bound anionic groups is called cation exchanger.

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