61. Statins are widely used medications that effectively treat high blood cholesterol, a primary risk factor for atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. What is the primary mechanism by which these drugs lower cholesterol levels in the blood?
(A) Blocking the intestine from absorbing dietary cholesterol
(B) Promoting the conversion of body cholesterol into bile acids for elimination
(C) Blocking the HMG-CoA reductase enzyme from turning 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl- CoA into mevalonate during cholesterol production
(D) Accelerating the breakdown and clearance of the HMG-CoA reductase enzyme
(E) Directly boosting the activity of LDL receptors in the liver

62. Which statement about ketone bodies is correct? (A) During prolonged starvation, the brain cannot use ketone bodies and relies exclusively on glucose. (B) In ketoacidosis, excess acetone is exhaled through the lung. (C) Ketone bodies are produced primarily when the insulin-to-glucagon ratio is high after a carbohydrate-rich meal. (D) Ketone bodies are produced mainly in the cytosol of extrahepatic tissues such as muscle. (E) During ketosis, ketone bodies are readily converted into glucose in the liver.

63. How does glucokinase (hexokinase IV) differ from hexokinase I? (A) It has a higher affinity for glucose and is not inhibited by high glucose levels. (B) It enables the liver to export free glucose into the bloodstream when blood glucose drops. (C) It needs a higher glucose concentration to reach maximal activity. (D) It helps prevent the liver from competing with other tissues for glucose when glucose levels are high. (E) It allows the pancreas to trigger insulin release when blood glucose levels are low.

64. Which advantage(s) explain why organisms often store energy as triacylglycerols rather than polysaccharides? (A) The carbon atoms in triacylglycerols are more reduced and they are hydrophobic, so little water needs to be stored with them. (B) The carbon atoms in triacylglycerols are more reduced. (C) Because triacylglycerols are hydrophobic, they do not require storage with large amounts of water. (D) Triacylglycerols contain more oxygen than polysaccharides, making them more efficient to oxidize. (E) Triacylglycerols contain more oxygen than polysaccharides, making them more efficient to oxidize, and they are hydrophobic, so little water needs to be stored with them.

65. During the first half of the chymotrypsin mechanism where the acyl-enzyme intermediate is formed, what role does His play? (A) general acid only (B) general base only (C) general acid then general base (D) general base then general acid (E) nucleophile

66. Which of the following ligands or stimuli can activate G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling pathways? ① Insulin ② Vasopressin ③ Epinephrine ④ Light ⑤ Epidermal growth factor (A) ①②③ (B) ②③④ (C) ③④⑤ (D) ①③④ (E) ①②⑤

67. In bacterial cells, _____ is an activator of phosphofructokinase while _____ is an inhibitor. (A) ADP; phosphoenolpyruvate (B) glucose-6-phosphate; ATP (C) AMP; glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (D) citrate; ADP (E) fructose-2,6-bisphosphate; fructose-6-phosphate

68. Which statement about membrane lipids is correct? (A) Glycerophospholipids occur only in plant cell membranes. (B) In glycerophospholipids, fatty acids are attached to glycerol by amide bond. (C) Lecithin used as an emulsifier in margarine and chocolate, is a sphingolipid. (D) Triacylglycerols are the main lipid components of erythrocyte membrane. (E) Sphingolipids contain ceramide as part of their structure.

69. Which of the following intracellular signaling molecules is responsible for inducing the geneexpression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase during hepatic gluconeogenesis?(A) Insulin (B) cGMP (C) cAMP (D) ATP (E) Estrogen

70. Which of the following G proteins decrease the concentration of their respective second messengers upon stimulation? ① Gi protein ② Gs protein ③ transducin ④ Golf protein ⑤ Ggust protein (A) ①② (B) ①③ (C) ①⑤ (D) ①④ (E) ②④⑤

71. Which of following are not mediated by ABC transporters? (A) Anticancer drugs out of cancer cells (B) Antibiotics out of bacteria (C) Transports bile salts out of hepatocytes (D) Vitamin E into fat cells (lipocytes) (E) Chloride ions in the lung

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