66. Which of the following ligands or stimuli can activate G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling pathways?
① Insulin ② Vasopressin ③ Epinephrine ④ Light ⑤ Epidermal growth factor
(A) ①②③
(B) ②③④
(C) ③④⑤
(D) ①③④
(E) ①②⑤

67. In bacterial cells, _____ is an activator of phosphofructokinase while _____ is an inhibitor. (A) ADP; phosphoenolpyruvate (B) glucose-6-phosphate; ATP (C) AMP; glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (D) citrate; ADP (E) fructose-2,6-bisphosphate; fructose-6-phosphate

68. Which statement about membrane lipids is correct? (A) Glycerophospholipids occur only in plant cell membranes. (B) In glycerophospholipids, fatty acids are attached to glycerol by amide bond. (C) Lecithin used as an emulsifier in margarine and chocolate, is a sphingolipid. (D) Triacylglycerols are the main lipid components of erythrocyte membrane. (E) Sphingolipids contain ceramide as part of their structure.

69. Which of the following intracellular signaling molecules is responsible for inducing the geneexpression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase during hepatic gluconeogenesis?(A) Insulin (B) cGMP (C) cAMP (D) ATP (E) Estrogen

70. Which of the following G proteins decrease the concentration of their respective second messengers upon stimulation? ① Gi protein ② Gs protein ③ transducin ④ Golf protein ⑤ Ggust protein (A) ①② (B) ①③ (C) ①⑤ (D) ①④ (E) ②④⑤

71. Which of following are not mediated by ABC transporters? (A) Anticancer drugs out of cancer cells (B) Antibiotics out of bacteria (C) Transports bile salts out of hepatocytes (D) Vitamin E into fat cells (lipocytes) (E) Chloride ions in the lung

72. What type of bond connects the tRNA with its amino acid (AA)? (A) Ester between AA carboxylate and tRNA 3' hydroxyl (B) Mixed anhydride of AA carboxylate and tRNA 3' phosphate (C) Phosphoramide of AA amine and tRNA 3' phosphate (D) Mixed anhydride of AA carboxylate and tRNA 5' phosphate (E) Phosphoramide of AA amine and tRNA 5' phosphate

73. Some restriction enzymes generate cohesive (sticky) ends, meaning they _____. (A) cut both DNA strands at the same position in the same base pair (B) cut GC-rich regions, producing ends that form more hydrogen bonds than AT-rich ends (C) remain tightly bound to the DNA ends after cutting (D) produce ends that can anneal with sticky ends made by any restriction enzyme (E) make staggered cuts in the two strands, leaving short single-stranded overhangs

74. Which of the following steps in the TCA cycle may produce NADH? ① Acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate to citrate ② Citrate to isocitrate ③ Isocitrate to α-ketoglutarate ④ α-Ketoglutarate to succinyl-CoA (A) ①② (B) ②③ (C) ②④ (D) ③④ (E) ①③④

75. If a cell cannot synthesize or obtain tetrahydrofolate (H₄ folate), it will most likely be impaired in the biosynthesis of which amino acid? (A) Isoleucine (B) Leucine (C) Lysine (D) Serine (E) Methionine

76. Which one of the following statements is NOT correct? (A) Δ¹-Pyrroline-5-carboxylate serves as a key intermediate in both L-proline synthesis and breakdown pathways. (B) Human cells synthesize non-essential amino acids using intermediates from central metabolic pathways or by converting essential amino acids. (C) Phenylalanine hydroxylase catalyzes the interconversion between phenylalanine and tyrosine. (D) Liver cells produce serine starting from the glycolysis product 3-phosphoglycerate. (E) NADPH provides the ultimate source of reducing equivalents for tetrahydrobiopterin regeneration.

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